问题:共用题干 Virtual DriverDriving involves sharp eyes and keen ears,analyzing with a brain,and coordination between hands,feet and brain.A man has sharp eyes and keen ears,analyzes through his brain,and maintains coordination between his hands and brains.He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body._______(46)Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab,but there is in fact a virtual driver. This virtual driver has eyes,brains,hands and feet too.The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right.If you open the boot,you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system:a built-in computer._______(47)The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at,analyzing their position on the road, choosing the right path,and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain,the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly. _______(48)However,it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react,and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control,the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably.In this case,is it possible for us to let it have the wheel at any time and in any place?_______(49)With its limited ability to recognize things,the car can now only travel on expressways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes._______(50)This being the case,people still have high hopes about driverless cars,and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.________(49)A:Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.B:In the near future,intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation.C:This is the brain of the car.D:But how does an intelligent car control itself?E:It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds.F:However,it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.
查看答案
问题:共用题干 Water and its importance to human life were the center of the world's attention last week. March 22 was World Water Day and______(51)the theme"Water for Life”.There are more than one billion people in the world who live without______(52)drinking water. The United Nations______(53)to cut this number in half by 2015.Solving such a big problem seems like a(n)______(54)challenge.But everyone,even teenagers,can do something to help.A teenage girl in the US has set an example to the______(55)of her age around the world.Rene Haggerty,13,was awarded the 2004 Gloria Barron Prize for her work—_______(56) discarded(废弃的)batteries(电池)which pollute water.In 2003,Haggerty went on a field trip to the Great Lakes Science Centre in Ohio.There she saw an exhibit about how______(57)in old batteries harm the water of Lake Erie.Haggerty learnt that______(58)the batteries was an easy solution."I think everybody can do it,because everyone uses batteries,and it can make a big difference."With these words,she began to.______(59)awareness in her area.She______(60)her county government and school board. She got permission to start a re-cycling program in schools,hospital,churches______(61)the public library. With the help from her family,friends and local waste-management______(62),she gathered containers,arranged transportation,and made an educational video.Over the past two years,she collected four tons of batteries and drew the attention of officials, who were in charge of a battery recycling program but had made______(63)progress.When asked______(64)she feels like a hero,Haggerty is quite modest."Not really. Well,maybe for the fish I saved!"Every year the Gloria Barron Prize is______(65)to young Americans aged 8 to 1 8 who have shown leadership and courage in serving the public and the planet. Each year ten winners receive US MYM 2,000 each,to help with their education costs or their public service work._________(63)A:much B:no C:some D:little
问题:共用题干 The iPad1 The iPad is a tablet computer(平板电脑)designed and developed by Apple. It is par-ticularly marketed as a platform for audio and visual media such as books,periodicals(期刊),movies,music,and games,as well as web content. At about 1 .5 pounds(680 grams), its size and weight are between those of most contemporary smartphones and laptop comput-ers.Apple released the iPad in April 2010,and sold 3 million of the devices in 80 days.2 The iPad runs the same operating system as iPod Touch and iPhone. It can run its own applications as well as ones developed for iPhone. Without modification,it will only run pro-grams approved by Apple and distributed via its online store.3 Like iPhone and iPod Touch,the iPad is controlled by a multitouch display一a break from most previous tablet computers, which uses a pressure-triggered stylus(触控笔).The iPad uses a Wi-Fi data connection to browse(浏览)the Internet, load and stream media, and install software. Some models also have a 3G wireless data connection which can connect to GSM 3G data networks. The devices is managed and synchronized(同步)by iTunes on a per-sonal computer via USB cable.4 An iPad has different features and applications one can use to execute different and in-teresting things. There are lots of iPad applications that the owner can use to enhance the way they communicate. Some of these are how to use social networking sites and other online options.One of the most common uses is for e-mail services. iPad applications like Markdown Mail allow the adoption of specific and particular options. They enable the owner to personal-ize their email accounts.5 While the iPad is mostly used by consumers it also has been taken up by business us-ers. Some companies are adopting iPads in their business offices by distributing or making available iPads to employees.Examples of uses in the workplace include lawyers responding to clients,medical professionals accessing health records during patient exams,and manag-ers approving employee requests.A survey by Frost Sullivan shows that iPad usage in work-places is linked to the goals of increased employees productivity,reduced paperwork,and in-creased revenue.Paragraph 3______A: Online StoresB: Differences from iPhoneC: Display and Data ConnectionD: Business UsageE: Features and ApplicationsF: Operating System
问题:共用题干 Global WarmingFew people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists1the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase2the world's temperatures and are convinced that,more than3before,the Earth is at4from the forces of the wind,rain and sun.5to them,global warming is making extreme weather events,6as hurricanes and droughts,even more7and causing sea levels all around the world to8.Environmental groups are putting9on governments to take action to reduce the 10 of carbon dioxide which is given 11 by factories and power plants,thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in12of more money being spent on research into so-lar,wind and wave energy devices,which could then replace existing power13.Some scientists,14believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow,we would have to wait15hundred years to notice the results. Global warming,it seems,is here to stay.4._________A: threat B: danger C: risk D: harm
问题:共用题干 第一篇What Does GMO Free Mean?Genetically modified organisms(GMOs)in food are concern for a number of consumers who are worried about the impact that GMOs may have on their health.As a result,many companies in the late 1990s began to apply the GMO free label,indicating that their food does not contain genetically modified organisms.A number of nations legislate labeling,and in Europe,food must be labeled to indicate whether or not it contains GMOs.In the United States,however,GMO free labeling is purely voluntary and not regulated by any governmental body or organization.Since it is not regulated,there has been some question about the validity of the GMO free label in the US.A number of organizations have pressured the Food and Drug Administration(FDA),as well as the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA),to enact legislation governing food labeling in regards to GMOs.Many food activists want a label that is standardized,so that consumers who are concerned about this issue can be assured about the GMO content of products they purchase.Most US consumers have foods containing GMOs in their home.The majority of corn and soybeans grown in the US have been modified,as have several other crops.Some research indicates that many processed foods contain GMO ingredients,so for consumers who are concerned about this issue,GMO free labeling would be helpful.For consumers who want to eat natural,organic foods,knowing that the products they buy are GMO free is often very important. Although there is no federal labeling program in the US,some organic farmers and natural food producers have chosen to start their own certification programs.Getting certified through such programs can be very difficult,but many producers believe consumers will be willing to pay extra for the verification.The harmful nature of GMOs has been questioned,especially by commercial agriculture producers and seed providers.No scientific evidence has been found to suggest that genetic modification of crops is harmful to humans. Some consumers feel that it is important to be able to make conscious choices about what they eat,however,and want the ability to choose GMO free foods if they so desire.Some studies suggest that GMOs may be harmful to agriculture,with cloned genetically modified species harming overall biological diversity and modified genes finding their way into wild plants and non-modified crops.This is especially true in the case of corn,where GMO contamination became a major issue in the 1990s.Other research,however,indicates that genetically modified crops can be of benefit to the environment. Plants designed to be resistant to herbicides(除草剂)and pesticides (杀虫剂),for example,have been seen to reduce the amount of these chemicals used by farmers on both GM and non-modified crops.A number of organizations in America have pressured the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) to______.A: ban foods containing GMOsB:punish commercial agriculture producers and seed providersC:enact legislation governing food labeling in regards to GMOsD:abolish legislation governing food labeling in regards to GMOs
问题:Michael is now merely a good friend,A:largely B:barely C:just D:rarely
问题:共用题干 Underground Coal FiresCoal burning deep underground in China,India and Indonesia is threatening the environment and human life , scientists have warned.These large-scale______(51)blazes(火焰)cause the ground temperature to heat up and kill surrounding vegetation,produce greenhouse gases and can______(52) ignite(点燃)forest fires , a group of scientists told the annual meeting of the American Association for theAdvancement of Science in Denver.The resulting______(53)of poisonous elements like mercury can also pollute local water sources and soils,they warned."Coal fires are a global disaster,"said Associate Professor Glenn Stracher of East Georgia College inSwainsboro,USA.But______(54)few people know about them.Coal can heat up on its own,and eventually catch fire and bum,if there is a continuous oxygen supply.The heat produced is not caused to______(55)and under the right combinations of sunlight and oxygen,can trigger spontaneous(自发的)catching fire and buming.This can occur underground , in coal stockpiles, abandoned mines or even as coal is transported.______(56)fires in China consume up to 200 million tons of coal per year,delegates were told.In______(57),the U.S.economy consumes about one billion tons of coal annually,said Stracher,______(58)analysis of the likely impact of coal fires has been accepted for publication in the International Journal of Coal Ecology.______(59)underway,coal fires can bum for decades,even centuries.In the process,they release large______(60)of greenhouse gases,poisonous fumes and black particles into the atmosphere.The members of the panel discussed the______(61)these fires may be having on global and regional climate change,and agreed that the underground nature of the fires makes them difficult to______(62).Ultimately,the remote sensing and other techniques should allow scientists to______(63)how much carbon dioxide these fires are emitting(释放).One suggested______(64)of containing the fires was presented by Gary Colaizzi,of the engineering firm Goodson,which has developed a heat-resistant grout(灌浆),which is designed to be pumped into the coal fire to______(65)the oxygen supply._________64A:cause B:treatment C:rule D:method
问题:These factors interact intimately and cannot be separated.A: tenselyB: nearlyC: carefullyD: closely
问题:共用题干 Wide World of RobotsEngineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs. These researchers tinker(修补)with ma- chines in the lab and write computer software to control these devices."They're the best toys out there," says Howie Choset at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.Choset is a roboticist,a person who designs, builds or programs robots.When Choset was a kid,he was interested in anything that moved一cars,trains,animals.He put motors on Tinkertoy cars to make them move.Later,in high school,he built mobile robots similar to small cars,Hoping to continue working on robots,he studied computer science in college.But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena,Choset’。labmates were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars:robotic snakes.Some robots can move only forward, hackward, left and right. But snakes can twist(扭曲)in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain(地形)."Snakes are far more interesting than the cars,"Choset concluded.After he started working at Carnegie Mellon,Choset and his colleagues there began developing their own snake robots.Choset's team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes,such as sliding and inching forward.The robot、also moved in ways that snakes usually don't,such as rolling. Choset’s snake robots could crawl(爬行)through the grass,swini in a pond and even climb a flagpole.But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well.For some heart surgeries,the doctor has to open a patient's chest,cutting through the breastbone.Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful.What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake?Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati,a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School,to investigate theidea.Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and they tested the robot in pigs. A company caikd Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology for g urgerie9 on people-Even after 15 years of working with his team’s creations,"I still don't get bored of watching the motionof my robots,"Clioset says.Choset began to build robots in high school.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
问题:共用题干 第三篇Almost Human?Scientists are racing to build the world's first thinking robot.This is not science fiction: some say they will have made it by the year 2020.Carol Packer reports.Machines that walk,speak and feel are no longer science fiction.Kismet is the nameof an android(机器人)which scientists have built at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).Kismet is different from the traditional robot because it can show human emotions.Its eyes,ears and lips move to show when it feels happy,sad or bored. Kismet is one of the first of a new generation of androids一robots that look like human beings一which can imitate human feelings.Cog,another android invented by the MIT, imitates the action of a mother. However,scientists admit that so far Cog has the mental ability of a two-year-old.The optimists(乐观主义者)say that by the year 2020 we will have created humanoids (机器人)with brains similar to those of an adult human being. These robots will be designed to look like people to make them more attractive and easier to sell to the public. What kind of jobs will they do?In the future,robots like Robonaut,a humanoid invented by NASA,will be doing dangerous jobs,like repairing space stations.They wi}{also be doing more and more of the household work for us.In Japan,scientists are designing androids that will entertain us by dancing and playing the piano.Some people worry about what the future holds:will robots become monsters(怪物)? Will people themselves become increasingly like robots?Experts predict that more and more people will be wearing micro-computers,connected to the Internet,in the future.People will have micro-chips in various parts of their body,which will connect them to a wide variety of gadgets(小装置).Perhaps we should not exaggerate(夸大)the importance of technology,but one wonders whether,in years to come,we will still be falling in love, and whether we will still feel pain.Who knows?Kismet is different from traditional robots becauseA:it thinks for itself. B:itis not like science fiction.C:it can look after two-year-olds. D:it seems to have human feelings.
问题:共用题干 Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events-flowering,the appearance of leaves,the first frog calls of the spring-all around the world.But ecologists can't be______(51)so they are turning to non-scientists,sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere.______(52)there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them,they are asking for your help in_______(53)signs of climate change across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages______(54)people to observe a very specific research interest-birds,trees,flowers budding,etc-and send their observations______(55)a giant database to be observed by professional scientists.This helps a small number of scientists track a______(56)amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own.______(57)like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live.______(58)that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and_______(59)it in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year______(60) the NationalPhenology(生物气候学)Network."Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists______(61)to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year.The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life cycle______(62)on a variety of common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project-which is______(63)to everyone-record their observations on the Project BudBurst website."People don't______(64)to be plant experts-they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,"says Jennifer Scheartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect this data,we'11 be able to make an'estimate of______(65)plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes."_________62A:points B:wonders C:data D:interests
问题: You will be meeting her presently.A:shortly B:currently C:lately D:probably
问题:共用题干 第一篇The Relationship between IQ and Being a VegetarianA Southampton University team found that people who were vegetarians (素食主义者)by 30 had recor-ded five IQ points higher on average at the age of]U.Researchers said it could explain why people with a higher IQ were healthier as a vegetarian diet was linked to lower heart disease and obesity(肥胖)rates.The study of 8,179 people was reported in the british Medical Journal.Twenty years after the IQ tests were carried out in 1970,366 of the participants said they were vegetarians一 although more than 100 reported eating either fish or chicken.Men who were vegetarians had an IQ score of 106,compared with 101 for non-vegetarians;while female vegetarians averaged 104,compared with 99 for non-vegetarians.There was no difference in the IQ scores between strict vegetarians and those who said they were vegetarians but reported eating fish or chicken.Researchers said the findings were partly related to better education and higher class,but it remained statistically significant after adjusting for these factors.Vegetarians were more likely to be female,to be of higher social class and to have higher academic or vocational qualifications than non-vegetarians.However,these differenIces were not reflected in their annual income,which was similar to that of non-vegetarians.Lead researcher Catharine Gale said,"The findings that children with greater intelligence are more likely to report being vegetarians as adults,together with the evidence on the potential benefits of a vegetarian diet on heart health,may help to explain why a higher IQ in childhood or adolescence is linked with a reduced risk ofcoronary heart disease in adult life."But Dr Frankie Phillips of the British Dietetic Association said, "It is like the chicken and egg."Dopcople become vegetarians because they have avery high IQ or is it just that they are clever enough to bemore aware of health issues?It was found in the research that______________.A:most of the participants became vegetarians 20 years after the IQ tests were carried out B:vegetarians who ate fish or chicken were of similar intelligence with strict vegetariansC:female vegetarians were more likely to have higher annual income than non-vegetariansD:vegetarians were more likely to have higher annual income than non-vegetarians
问题:共用题干 What is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth?Where was this low temperature recorded ?The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃, which_____ (51) in Antarctica(南极洲) in 1983.We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in_________(52).Temperatures in Earth orbit(轨道)actually range from about +120℃ to -120℃. The temperature depends upon ______(53)you are in direct sunlight or in shade.Obviously,-120℃ is colder than our body can ________ (54)endure.The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar________(55).Obviously,it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel__________(56)from the Sun,Scientigtg egtimate tern- peratures at Pluto are about -210℃.How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe?Again,it depends upon your_________(57).We are taught it is supposedly__________(58)to have atemperature below absolute zero,which is-273℃,at which atoms do not move.Two scientists,Cornell and Wieman,have successfully______(59)down a gas to a temperature barely above absolute zero. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work一not a discovery in this case.Why is the two scientists'work so important to science?In the 1920s,Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting_______(60)about special light par-tidles(微粒)we now call photons(光子).Bose had trouble __________(61)other scientists to believe his theory,so he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms_______(62) behave as Bose thought一but only at very cold temperatures.Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold(超冷)atoms can help them make the world'S atomic clocks even__________(63)accurate.These clocks are so accurate today they would oniy lose one second _________ (64)six million years!Such accuracy will help us travel in space because digtanee is velocity(速度)times time( d=vt).With the long distances involved in space _______(65),we need to know time as accurately as possibie to get accurate distance._________(53)A:whetherB:whereC:whatD:when
问题:共用题干 When Our Eyes Serve Our StomachOur senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world;they're af-fected by what's going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who'ye just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what's going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example,poorer children think coins are larger than they are,and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis,France,wanted to investi-gate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a lit-tle later as the brain's high-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test,each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the ex-periment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment,the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one,80 words flashed on the screen for about 1/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size thatthe students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word,each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen一a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word ap-peared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen,this means that the difference is in perception,not in thinking processes,Radel says.“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment,I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our mo-tives and needs,”Radel says.There was a delay in Radel's experiment because_______.A: he needed more students to joinB: he didn't prepare enough food for the 42 studentsC: he wanted two groups of participants,hungry and non-hungryD: he didn't want to have the experiment at noon
问题:共用题干 第三篇Cheating is when a person misleads,deceives,or acts dishonestly on purpose.For kids,cheating may happen at school,at home,or while playing a sport.A new study finds that most high school students say they have cheated on tests and homework.This study showed that 89 percent said glancing at someone else's answers during a test was cheating,but 87 percent said they'd done that at least once.Also,94 percent said providing answers to someone during a test was cheating,but 74 percent admitted to doing it.Cheating can happen in a lot of different ways.You can do it by sneaking answers to a test,but it's also cheating to break the rules of a game or contest or to pretend something is yours when it isn't. When people cheat,it's not fair to other people,like the kids who studied for the test or who were the true winners of a game or contest. If students today want to cheat,they have a more insidious tool at their disposal:cellphones.More than one third of teens with cellphones admit to having stored information on them to look at during a test or texting friends about answers.Some kids cheat because they're busy or lazy and they want to get good grades without spending the time studying. Other kids might feel like they can't pass the test without cheating. Even when there seems to be a "good reason"for cheating,cheating isn't a good idea. Kids who cheat may feel worried about getting caught.Whether they are caught or not,these kids may feel guilty,or embarrassed,or ashamed,or all three.Teachers can ban cell phones in exams and principals can suspend or expel students who cheat,but it's important to know if students continue to cheat they will have a lot of problems in the future.What does the word"insidious"refer to?A:Convenient and useful.B:Expensive.C:Hidden but harmful.D:Advanced.
问题:共用题干 第三篇Up in SmokeI began to smoke when I was in high school. In fact,I remember the evening I was at a girlfriend's house,and we were watching a movie一a terribly romantic movie.He(the hero of the movie)was in love,she(his lady)was beautiful,and they were both smoking. My friend had only two cigarettes from a pack in her mother's purse,and she gave one to me.It was my first time.My parents didn't care much. They both smoked,and my older brother did too. My mother told me that smokers don't grow tall,but I was already 5 '6"(taller than most of the boys in my class), so I was happy to hear that"fact".In school,the teachers talked against smoking,but the cigarette advertisements were so exciting. The men in the ads were so good-looking and so successful,and the women were well, they were beautiful and sophisticated(老于世故的).I read a book called How to Stop Smoking. The writer said that smoking wastes time,and that cigarettes cost a lot of money."So what?"I thought. The book didn't say that smoking can take away years of your life.But ten years later,everyone began to hear about the negative effects of cigarette smoke:lung disease,cancer,and heart problems.After that,there was a health warning on every pack of cigarettes.I didn't pay much attention to the reports and warnings.I felt healthy,and thought I was taking good care of myself.Then two events changed my mind.First,I started to cough,I thought it was just a cold,but it.didn't get better. Second,my brother got lung cancer. He got sicker and sicker. My brother and I used to smoke cigarettes together over twenty years ago,and we smoked our last cigarettes together the day before he died,I sat with him in his hospital room,and I decided to quit."NO more cigarettes,ever,"I said to myself.However,it was very hard to stop.Nicotine(尼古丁)is a drug;as a result,cigarettes cause a powerful addiction.I tried several times to quit on my own一wlthout success.I made excuses,I told myself:Smoking helps me keep my figure一I don,t gain weight when I smoke.Smoking not only relaxes me but it also helps me think clearly.I,m a free,liberated woman,I can smoke when I want to.Finally,I ran out of excuses一I might say my excuses went up in smoke.I joined the"Stop Smoking"program at the local hospital,which also ended up in failure.The"fact"in Paragraph 2 refers to______.A:her admiration for the men in the adsB:her mother's warning that smokers don,t grow tallC:her height of5'6"D:the teachers' negative attitude towards smoking
问题:共用题干 The Difference between Man and ComputerWhat makes people different from computer programs?What is the missing element that our theories don't yet1for?The answer is simple:People read newspaper stories for a reason:to learn more about2they are interested in. Computers,on the other hand, don't. In fact,computers don,t3have interests;there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer4is to be a model of story understanding,it should also read for a“purpose”.of course,people have several goals that do not make5to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide6order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals,or to 7a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry,and computers do not have business lunches.However,these physiological and social goals give8to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find9about the name of a restaurant which10the desired type of food,how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant,etc. These are goals to11information or knowledge,what we are call-ing12goals. These goals can be held by computers too;a computer13“want”to find out the location of a restaurant,and read a guide in order to do so14the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not15out of hunger in the case of the com-puter,it might well arise out of the“goal” to learn more about restaurants.13._________A: could B: might C: should D: would
问题:共用题干 Learn about Light1 .Ancient civilizations were amazed by the existence of light for thousands of years. The Greek philosophers believed that light was made up of countless,tiny particles that enter the human eye and create what we call vision. However,Empedocles and a Dutch scientist named Christian Huygens believed that light was like a wave. According to them,light spread out and travelled like a straight line. This theory was accepted during the 19th century.2 .In 1905,Albert Einstein published a research paper in which he explained what is re-ferred to as the photoelectric effect. This theory explains that particles make up light.The particles Einstein was referring to are weightless bundles(束)of electromagnetic(电磁)energy called photons(光子).Today,scientists agree that light has a dual(二重)nature一it is part particle and part wave. It is a form of energy that allows us to see things around us.3 .Things that give off light are known as sources of light. During the day,the primary source of light is the sun. Other sources of light include stars,flames,flashlights,street lamps and glowing gases in glass tube.4 .When we draw the way light travels we always use straight lines. This is because nor-mally light rays travel in a straight line. However,there are some instances that can change the path and even the nature of light. They are reflection,absorption,interference(干扰), etc.5 .Physicists have attempted to measure the speed of light since the early times. In 1849, Hippolyte Fizeau conducted an experiment by directing a beam of light to a mirror located kilometers away and placed a rotating cogwheel(旋转齿轮)between the beam and the mirror. From the rate of rotation of the wheel,number of wheel's teeth and distance of the mirror,he was able to calculate that the speed of light is 313 million meters per second. In a vacuum(真空),however,the speed of light is 299,792,458 meters per second. This is about a million times faster than the speed of an airplane.Some instances such as reflection and absorption can change______.A: sources of lightB: the speed of lightC: the path of lightD: a straight lineE: a beam of lightF: a form of energy
问题:共用题干 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an in-crease in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different com-binations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area in-creased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counter-acting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obvi-ously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the main-tenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.What does paragraph 6 tell us?A: Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B: Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C: Ants'predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D: At higher density,ants produce a positive influence on an area.