共用题干 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More LightSolar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs,generate both heat and electricity,but until now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal colle

题目

共用题干
Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light
Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs,generate both heat and electricity,but until now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That's because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells,which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn't a very efficient way to gather heat.
That's a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it's also a space problem:photovol-taic cells can take up all the space on the roof,leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies,Joshua Pearce,an associate professor of materials science and engineer-ing,has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen's University,Canada.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon,but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon,commonly known as thin-film silicon.They don't create as much electricity, but they are lighter,flexible,and cheaper. And,because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately,thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
"That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light-pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,"Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.
However,Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT. You don't have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work.In fact,Pearce's group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures,near the boiling point of water,they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-fulm silicon directly to a solar thermal en-ergy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day,they boosted the solar cell's e-lectrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?
A:.They are electrically efficient.
B: They are less expensive.
C:.They are flexible.
D: They are environment friendly.

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相似问题和答案

第1题：

共用题干
Electromagnetic Energy
1 White light seems to be a combination of all colors.The energy that comes from a source of light is not limited to the kind of energy you can see.Heat is given off by a flame or an electric light.On a cloudy day it is possible to get a sunburn even though you feel cool.Visible light and the kinds of energy that produce warmth and sunburn are examples of electromagnetic energy.
2 The sun is 93 million miles from the earth.Yet we can use energy from the sun because electromagnetic energy travels through space.
3 Many other kinds of energy are also types of electromagnetic energy.Radio,television,and radar signals travel from transmitters to receivers as low-energy electromagnetic waves.Infrared（红外线的）radiation is an electromagnetic wave.When it is absorbed by matter,heat is produced.Waves of infrared and visible light have more energy than waves of radio,television,or radar.Ultraviolet rays（紫外线）and X-rays are electromagnetic waves with even greater amounts of energy.Infrared radiation is used in cooking food and heating buildings. Sunlight and electric lights are part of our requirements for normal living.Ultraviolet radiation is useful in killing certain disease organisms.X-rays and gamma rays have so much energy that they travel through solid objects. They can be used to detect and treat cancer.X-rays are used in industry to find hidden cracks in metal,and in medicine to reveal broken bones.
4 Usually we use electricity to generate electromagnetic energy.The source of most of our energy is the sun.Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate.When the water falls to the earth as rain,some of it is trapped behind dams and then used to operate electric generators.Other generators are powered by coal,but the energy stored in coal came from the sun,too.
5 Until recently,the source of the tremendous amount of energy given off by the sun was a puzzle.If the sun depended on chemical reactions,it would have used up all its energy long ago.Experiments with electromagnetic radiation led to the theory that mass can be converted into energy.About forty years after the theory was proposed , nuclear energy was harnessed（利用）by man.Chemical energy comes from electron （电子）rearrangement.Nuclear energy comes from a change in the nucleus of an atom.Compared with chemical reactions,nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per pound of fuel.We now believe that the sun's energy comes from the nuclear reactions in which hydrogen is changed into helium（氦）.
6 Nuclear energy is beginning to compete with coal as an economical source of'power to generate electricity.It is also being used to operate engines in large ships.Scientists continue to seek new and better methods of obtaining and using energy.

Infrared radiation can produce heat______.
A:when it is absorbed by matter
B:when it is cloudy
C:because they can pass through solid objects
D:when the sunrays are fierce.
E:when a change in the nucleus of an atom takes place
F:when electron rearrangement takes place

答案：A

解析：

通读文章可知，第三段第一句是段落主题句，紧接着围绕第一句进行了具体阐述，根据第一句中出现的“types of electromagnetic energy”可知，第三段主要讲述几种不同种类的电磁能，应选择C项。
根据第四段第一、二句可知，我们通常用电来生成电磁能，使用的很多能源都来自太阳。紧接着又表明，水能源于来自太阳的热能，煤储存的能量也是来自太阳。因此不难得出，第四段讲的是能量最重要的来源，即太阳。
第五段开头提到太阳能的来源仍是个谜，随后对此进行了分析，最后得出太阳能来自核反应释放的能量。由此可知，第五段主要讲的是，氢原子转变为氦原子的核反应释放的能量是太阳能的来源。几个选项中只有A项提到核反应是太阳能的持久来源，因此选择A项。
通读文章可知，第六段的最后一句是主题句。这句话的大意是：科学家正继续在寻找更好的新方法来获取并使用能源。几个选项中只有E项与之契合，因此选择E项。
根据第一段第四句可知，你即便在感到凉爽的阴天，也有可能被阳光灼伤，因此选择B项。
根据第三段第三、四句可知，红外线是电磁波，当它被物质吸收时，会产生能量。
根据第三段倒数第二、三句可知，X射线和伽马射线之所以能用来探测和治疗癌症，是因为具有很多能量的x射线和伽马射线能穿透固体。
根据第五段第五句可知，化学能是在电子重组时产生的。

第2题：

X-rays and gamma rays can be used to detect and treat cancer______.
A:when it is absorbed by matter
B:when it is cloudy
C:because they can pass through solid objects
D:when the sunrays are fierce.
E:when a change in the nucleus of an atom takes place
F:when electron rearrangement takes place

答案：C

解析：

第3题：

Electromagnetic Energy

White light seems to be a combination of all colors. The energy that comes from a source of light is not limited to the kind of energy you can see. Heat is given off by a flame or an electric light. On a cloudy day it is possible to get a sunburn even though you feel cool. Visible light and the kind of energy that produce warmth and sunburn are examples of electromagnetic energy.

The sun is 93 million miles from the earth. Yet we can use energy from the sun because electromagnetic energy travels through space.

Many other kinds of energy are also types of electromagnetic energy. Radio, television, and radar signals travel from transmitters to receivers as low-energy electromagnetic waves. Infrared (红外线的) radiation is an electromagnetic wave. When it is absorbed by matter, heat is produced. Waves of infrared and visible light have more energy than waves of radio, television, or radar. Ultraviolet rays (紫外线) and X-rays are electromagnetic waves with even greater amounts of energy. Infrared radiation is used in cooking food and heating buildings. Sunlight and electric lights are part of our requirements for normal living. Ultraviolet radiation is useful in killing certain disease organisms. X-rays and gamma rays have so mush energy that they travel right through solid objects. They can be used to detect and treat cancer. X-rays are used in industry to find hidden cracks in metal, and in medicine to reveal broken bones.

Usually we use electricity to generate electromagnetic energy. The source of most of our energy is the sun. Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate. When the water falls to the earth as rain, some of it is trapped behind dams and then used to operate electric generators. Other generators are powered by coal, but the energy stored in coal came from the sun, too.

Until recently, the source of the tremendous amount of energy given off by the sun was a puzzle. If the sun depended on chemical reactions, it would have used up all its energy long ago. Experiments with electromagnetic radiation led to the theory that mass can be converted into energy. About forty years after the theory was proposed, nuclear energy was harnessed (利用) by man. Chemical energy comes from electron (电子) rearrangement. Nuclear energy comes from a change in the nucleus of an atom. Compared with chemical reactions, nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per pound of fuel. We now believe that the sun's energy comes from the nuclear reactions in which hydrogen is changed into helium(氦).

Nuclear energy is beginning to compete with coal as an economical source of power to generate electricity. It is also being used to operate engines in large ships. Scientists continue to seek new and better methods of obtaining and using energy.

A. Nuclear Reactions as the Lasting Source of the Sun's Energy

B. The Most Important Source of Energy

C. Types of Electromagnetic Energy

D. X-rays Are Used to Detect and Treat Cancer.

E. Seeking New Sources of Energy

F. Nuclear Energy is Beginning to Compete with Coal

Paragraph 3 ______

正确答案：C
C 解析：第三段的第一句为主题句，意为：许多其他种类的能量也是不同类型的电磁能。该段列举了电磁能的具体例子，C项Types of Electromagnetic Energy(电磁能的类型)与主题句意思吻合，故选C。

第4题：

PVTs are not efficient in______.
A:.creating electricity
B: cooling silicon solar cells
C: generating heat
D: powering solar thermal collectors

答案：C

解析：

根据第一段“they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part...”可知，与太阳热能单机收集器相比，传统太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率不是很高。

根据第二段可知，光电管占去屋顶的所有空间，几乎没有空间留给热能的产出。因此，传统太阳能光伏热能系统存在的一个问题是，占用太多空间，即C选项。文章也提到好的太阳能热水系统比太阳能电力系统成本低得多，但并没有说传统太阳能光伏热能系统贵到人们买不起的程度，因此B项错误。故本题选C。

根据第四段“...but they are lighter , flexible , and cheaper. And , because they requiremuch less silicon , they have a greener footprint.”可知，选项B,C,D在文中都直接提到，A 项没有提到。

根据第五段可知，薄型太阳能板只占有市场的一少部分的原因是，当被暴露在光线下，那就意味着它们的能效会降低——这几乎是太阳能电池最可能糟糕的效应。

通读文章最后一段可知，如果一天把太阳能电池加热一次，那么太阳能的电力效能会增加10%。即A选项正确，其他三项在文中并未提及。

第5题：

共用题干
Better Solar Energy Systems:More Heat,More Light

Solar photovoltaic（光电的）thermal energy systems , or PVTs , generate both heat and electricity , but
_________ (51)now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone
solar thermal collector. That ' s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon（晶体硅）
solar cells, _______(52)lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn't a very efficient way to gather
heat.
That's a problem of economics.Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a
solar一electric system at a substantially lower _________(53).And it's also a space problem:photovoltaic
cells can
_________(54)up all the space on the roof,leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies,Joshua Pearce,an associate professor of materials science and engineering,has de-
vised a_________(55)in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon,but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous
（非晶形的）silicon , commonly known
________( 56 ) thin-film silicon. They don ' t create as much elec-
tricity,but they are lighter,flexible,and cheaper. And,because they________(57)much less silicon,they
have a greener footprint._________(58),thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad一news
physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
"That means that their efficiency drops when you_________(59)them to light一pretty much the worst
possible effect for a solar cell,"Pearce explains,which is one of the__________(60)thin-film solar panels
make up only a small fraction of the market.
However,Pearce and his team found a_______(61)to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by
incorporating thin-film silicon in a new________(62)of PVT. You don't have to cool down thin-film sili-
con to make it work.In fact,Pearce's group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating tempera-
tures,near the boiling_________(63)of water,they could make thicker cells that largely_________(64)
the Staebler-Wronski effect.When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,
they also found that by baking the cell once a day,they_________(65)the solar cell's electrical efficiency
by over 10 percent.

_________(57)
A:retrieve
B:require
C:merge
D:exchange

答案：B

解析：

文章介绍最近科学家已经完善了太阳能光伏热能系统，现在新型的太阳能系统能将太阳能转换为更多的电能和热能。第一段说明以往晶体硅太阳能电池在收集热能方面效率很低。四个选项中，只有选用until（直到······为止）才符合上下文的意思。"...until now they（太阳能光伏热能系统）haven' t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector.”该句意为：与太阳热能单机集热器相比，直到现在为止，太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率一直不是很高。
本句说明了以往的太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率低的原因：它们在较低的温度下运转以冷却晶体硅太阳能电池，而这样能产生更多的电能却不能高效地收集热能。which指代本句中“they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells”这句话的整个内容。
本句说，good solar hot-water systems在收获能量方面比solar-electric system要好得多，从经济学的角度上分析，成本就降低了。所以，选cost（成本）是对的。其他选项reward（报酬，回报）,bill (账单，清单，钞票）和pay（工资，薪水）均不符合语境。
从本句末的“leaving little room for thermal applications”可推知答案。take up是固定词组，表示“占据”。
上一段说太阳能光伏热能系统有两个问题，即经济问题和空间问题。Joshua Pearce采用另外一种硅来制造PVT应该是为了解决上述问题。故选solution（解决方法，处理手段）。 devise意为“发明，设计，想出”。
known as sth是固定搭配，意为“被称为······”，符合语境。" amorphous silicon , commonly known as thin-film silicon”意为“非晶硅，通常被称为薄膜硅”。
这里是说：采用薄膜硅制造的太阳能电池，电能的转换量虽然不如晶体硅太阳能电池，但薄膜硅太阳能电池用硅量小，比较环保。require（需要）符合语境。retrieve（提取）, merge（混合）,exchange（交换）放在这里均不合适。
前面说的用硅量小、比较环保是薄膜硅太阳能电池的优点，而由下文的vulnerable (易受攻击的）可知下面说的是薄膜硅太阳能电池的缺点，所以选C。
expose...to意为“暴露······于”，是固定搭配。后文说“pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell（对太阳能电池来说这很可能是最糟的效应）"，而根据常识，对太阳能电池来说最糟的可能便是其构成材料经受不了日晒，所以选expose非常符合语境。
暴露于光线下时，薄膜硅太阳能电池效能降低，这是导致该产品市场占有份额很小的一个原因。选reasons为答案很合理。
这里指Pearce和他的队员发现了一种通过将薄膜硅纳人一种新型的PVT来改变 Staebler-Wronski效应的方法。所以选Aa engineer around意为“改变······的基因结构”。
为了克服Staebler-Wronski效应，Pearce和他的团队悉心改进光伏太阳热能系统的结构。作者要写的应该是运用一种新型PVT，故选type（类型）。
这里指将薄膜硅加热到太阳能加热器工作的温度，临近水的沸点······the boiling point of water指水的沸点。故选C。
从上下文判断，采用加热薄膜硅的方法，就能解决Staebler-Wronski效应。overcome表示“克服，解决”，符合语境。
前文讲通过加热薄膜硅，Staebler-Wronski效应得到解决，这是一个好事，而本句中提到 " they also found that by baking the cell once a day"，从语义连贯来看，这里应该是指提高了将太阳能转换为电能的效率，否则应用转折词而非“also”这样的表示承接的词，故选D。 boost表示 “增加，促进，提高”。

第6题：

Paragraph 4______
A:Nuclear Reactions as the Lasting Source of the Sun's Energy
B:The Most Important Source of Energy
C:Types of Electromagnetic Energy
D:The Machines Used for Energy Generation
E:Seeking New Sources of Energy
F:The Use of Ultravio1et Radiation in Medicine

答案：B

解析：

第7题：

One can get a sunburn even______.
A:when it is absorbed by matter
B:when it is cloudy
C:because they can pass through solid objects
D:when the sunrays are fierce.
E:when a change in the nucleus of an atom takes place
F:when electron rearrangement takes place

答案：B

解析：

第8题：

For what purpose are the diving pipes used?

A. To absorb heat from the sun.

B. To store heat for future use.

C. To turn solar energy into heat energy.

D. To carry heat down below the surface.

正确答案：D

第9题：

One of the problems PVTs have is that______.
A: their thermal applications are costly
B: they are too expensive to afford
C: they occupy too much space
D: it is hard to fix them on the roof

答案：C

解析：

第10题：

Which of the following statrnents is true?
A: Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.
B: New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.
C: Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.
D: A new material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.

答案：A

解析：

共用题干 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More LightSolar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs,generate both heat and electricity,but until now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal colle

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