共用题干 U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on MarsNASA scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes,flowing rivers and a Va-riety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life.Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander have

题目

共用题干
U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars
NASA scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes,flowing rivers and a Va-riety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life.
Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander have identified water in a soil sample;the lander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that iden-tifies vapors produced by the heating of samples.
“We have water,”said William Boynton of the University of Arizona,lead scientist for ,the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer,or TEGA.“This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted.”
The robotic arm is a critical part of the Phoenix Mars mission. It is needed to trench into the icy layers of northern polar Mars and deliver samples to instruments that will analyze what Mars is made of,what its water is like,and whether it is or has ever been a possible habitat for life.
The soil sample came from a trench approximately 2 inches deep.When the robotic arm first reached that depth,it hit a hard layer of frozen soil.Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when fresh material was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop.Most of the material in Wednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days,letting some of the water in the sample vaporize away and making the soil easier to handle.
“Mars is giving us some surprises,”said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona.“We're excited because surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how the soil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck,different from what we expected,from all the Mars simulation tes-ting we've done so far.”
Since landing on May 25,Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab,TEGA, a microscope,a conductivity probe and cameras.The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.
The mission is examining the sky as well as the ground. A Canadian instrument is using a laser beam to study dust and clouds overhead.
“It's a 30-watt light bulb giving us a laser show on Mars,”said Victoria Hipkin of the Canadian Space Agency.
A full-circle,color panorama of Phoenix's surroundings also has been completed by the spacecraft.
“The details and patterns we see in the ground show an ice-dominated terrain as far as the eye can see,”said Mark Lemmon of Texas A & M University,lead scientist for
Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager camera.“They help us plan measurements we're making within reach of the robotic arm and interpret those measurements on a wider scale.”

Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?
A: Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of soil on Mars.
B: Scientists have been surprised by how the soil on Mars behaves.
C: Scientists have been trying to find out if there is life supporting material on Mars.
D: Scientists have been trying to know if water ice will melt.

参考答案和解析

答案：A

解析：

题干意为“美国国家航空航天局‘凤凰号’火星登陆器在火星上发现了什么？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander, vast lakes, flowing rivers,water in a soil sample,living things作为定位线索，在第一段和第二段中找到相关句：（第一段）NASA scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes, flowing rivers and a variety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life.（第二段） Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander have identified water in a soil sample; the lander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that identifies va- pors produced by the heating of samples．定位线索词集中出现在第一段和第二段中，因此重点关注这两个段落。第一段提到“美国国家航空航天局的科学家们称火星曾被巨大的湖泊，流动的河流以及其他潮湿的自然环境所覆盖，而这些都使其有了维持生命的可能”。第二段提到“在美国国家航空航天局的‘凤凰’号火星登陆器的实验室所做的实验中，已经在一份土壤样本中鉴定到水”。结合这两个句子的意思可知美国国家航空航天局“凤凰号”火星登陆器在火星上发现土壤样本中有水，因此答案为C项“土壤样本中有水”。
题干意为“为什么前两次递送样本的尝试失败了？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语first two attempts , samples , fresh material , air , scoop , robotic arm , hard rock作为定位线索，在第五段中找到相关句；The soil sample came from a trench approxi mately 2 inches deep.When the robotic arm first reached that depth,it hit a hard layer of fro zen soil.Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when fresh material was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop. Most of the material in Wednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days,letting some of the water in the sample vaporize away and making the soil easier to handle．定位线索词集中出现在第五段第三句中，因此首先重点关注这个句子。该句是一个复合句，句中出现了两个从句：when引导的定语从句和when引导的时间状语从句。该句意为“当新鲜的冻土暴露在空气中的时候，机器臂曾经两次尝试对冻土样本进行传送，但是样本同铲子粘在了一起，结果使得这两次尝试都以失败告终”。很明显，句中when引导的时间状语从句when the samples became stuck inside the scoop 陈述了原因。该题主要考查对复杂句子的理解。该题答案为C项“样本同铲子粘在了一起”。
题干意为“下面哪个选项不是作者想要表达的意思？”利用备选项中的细节信息词/短语scientist , ice-rich layers of soil , life supporting material , water ice 作为定位线索，在第六段和第七段中找到相关句：（第六段）“Mars is giving us some surprises,” said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona.“We're excited be-cause surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how the soil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck,different from what we expected, from all the Mars simulation testing we've done so far.”（第七段）Since landing on May 25,Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab,TEGA,a micro-scope,a conductivity probe and cameras. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life （与life supporting material呼应）are present．定位线索词在第六段的第四句和第七段的最后一句中出现了，因此首先重点关注这两个句子。第六段第四句提到“当富冰层被悬挂于甲板上方的太阳底下的时候，它会和铲子粘在一起，这是我们从未预期到的，也不同于我们迄今为止所做过的任何火星模拟试验”。从这个句子可以得出这样的结论：科学家们从未想到过富冰层会和铲子粘在一起，这也说明科学家们对火星上土壤的表现感到吃惊，这与B项“科学家们对火星上土壤的表现感到吃惊”意义一致。第七段最后一句提到“这支科学团队尝试确定火星上的水冰是否曾经大量融化，从而能支持生物存在，同时它还将寻找火星土壤中是否有以碳为基础的有机化合物，这些化合物是形成生命的‘原材料’”。依据这个句子可知科学家们一直要想知道火星上的水冰是否融化（与选项D意义一致），同时还可以得出这样的结论：科学家们想知道火星上是否有形成生命的原材料（这与选项C一致）。A项“科学家们试图打破火星土壤的富冰层”，这是文中没有涉及到的信息，因此 A项属于“无中生有”。所以答案为A.
题干意为“参与研究的科学家们来自什么地方？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词scientists , research , America , Canada作为定位线索，结果发现短文的第八段和第九段提到加拿大宇航局的科学家为“凤凰号”的火星探索提供了激光设备。既然这项研究是美国国家航空航天局的科学家们做的，因此研究的参与者必然包括美国科学家，因此答案为C项 “他们来自美国和加拿大”。

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