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Text 2 Internet service providers have realized that they are sitting on a treasure chest of data about your online activities that they could be selling to advertisers.Recognizing the privacy threat

题目
Text 2 Internet service providers have realized that they are sitting on a treasure chest of data about your online activities that they could be selling to advertisers.Recognizing the privacy threat,the Federal Communications Commission adopted rules that would have stopped them from doing so without your consent,but Congress recently shot down the regulation.This is a big deal.Privacy doesn't merely benefit individuals;it fundamentally shapes how society functions.It is crucial for marginalized communities and for social movements.Privacy enables these groups to network,organize,and develop their ideas before challenging the status quo.But when people know they're being tracked and monitored,they change their behavior.This chilling effect hurts our intellectual freedoms and our capacity for social progress.The data that tracks our behavior feeds into machine-learning algorithms that make judgments about us.When used for advertising,they can reproduce our own prejudiced behavior.Marketers can use machine learning to figure out your unique features-do you resDond better to words or to pictures?Do you make impulsive shopping decisions?-to target you with exactly the advertisement that will best persuade you.When consequential decisions about employment or loans are made using this kind of data,the result can feel absurd and incomprehensible,because these systems aren't programmed to explain their decisions.There aren't yet effective ways for humans to hold algorithms accountable for how they categorize us.The good news is how effective technology can be in preventing tracking.We found that ad blockers and other browser-privacy tools can decrease tracking by 80 percent or more.More complex tools can be even more effective.In other worcls,the more technically savvy among us can enjoy dramatically better privacy and digital freedoms.But this has resulted in a technological"arms race,"which is worrying by itself,but also because such technical skill correlates with historically advantaged groups.Meanwhile,publishers are caught in the ad-blocking crossfire,endangering the free press.One bright spot is that online privacy research has had a tremendous effect.It has helped regulators curb the worst of the offenses,forced companies to roll back invasions because of public-relations pressure,spurred the development of privacy tools,and developed a healthy public debate about online tracking.The fight for privacy is now closely linked to the fight for digital civil liberties and democratic values,and it is a movement that includes activists,artists,journalists,researchers,and everyday users of technology.There's tremendous power in your hands to take charge of your own privacy as well as foster these societal values.
Online privacy research has had a tremendous effect by____.

A.providing evidence to regulators
B.fining companies for invasions
C.designing privacy tools
D.raising public awareness
参考答案和解析
答案：D
解析：
[信息锁定]第五段①句指出网络隐私研究已产生重大影响。②句指出研究借助公共关系压力迫使公司减少隐私侵犯，并生成了有关网络追踪的健康公众辩论。③④句说明现状：隐私斗争已是全民广泛参与的运动，捍卫隐私的力量就在你手中。可见，网络隐私研究强化了公众的网络隐私保护意识，D.正确。[解题技巧]A.基于主观认识“研究的部分作用在于为管理者提供证据”，对第五段②句“网络隐私研究协助监管者制止严重侵犯行为”过度推导，但文中并未提及网络隐私研究以何种方式出助监管。B.将第五段②句研究迫使公司停止入侵的方式“借助公共关系压力”篡改为“罚款处罚”。C.将第五段②句研究“推动隐私工具发展”局限为“设计隐私工具”。
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相似问题和答案

第1题：

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A．The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

B．A new mode of publication is emerging.

C．Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

D．Publication is rendered easier by online service.


正确答案：B
正于28题分析的，本文中心介绍了一种出版新的趋势——网络出版。B正是这一观点的高度概括，故答案为B。

第2题：

Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day, Write an email to the customer service center to

1) Make a complaint and

2) Demand a prompt solution

You should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "zhang wei "instead.


正确答案：
Dear Sir or Madame,
　　 As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product—an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.
　　 The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had been scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.
　　 I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.
　　 I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
　　 Sincerely yours,
　　 Zhang Wei

第3题：

Online banking refers to banking activities that are carried out over the Internet on a secure website. It developed in the late 1990s and grew more popular over the years since it can make one’s financial life much easier to manage. First, you can use online banking to pay your bills. Most banks have a section in which you set up payees. Fill out the information once, you can simply choose that profile every time you pay a bill online. Second, online banking allows you to access your account history and transactions from anywhere. It is the quickest way to check and see if a transaction has cleared your account. It also enables you to find out about unauthorized transactions more quickly. Third, online banking also allows you to transfer money between accounts effectively. It is more convenient than using the automated phone service. When you set up your online banking, be sure that all of your accounts at the bank are listed. This will make it easier to transfer money and make loan payments online. ? Obviously, you need to pay special attention to your safety or privacy using online banking. It is important to clear your cookies after each banking session, especially at a public computer. Additionally, make sure that your password is long enough to prevent it from easily being hacked. Never give your online account information to anyone else. Check your credit report regularly. Thus you can protect yourself from identity theft.

1. Online banking refers to banking systems where you can carry out your business over the Internet on any website.()

2. Most banks have a section in which you set up your own business.()

3. Online banking is the quickest way to check and see if a transaction is done.()

4. It is more useful and easier than using the automated phone service.()

5. No doubt, you have to keep a special eye on your safety or privacy using online banking.()


参考答案：子问题 1：F子问题 2：子问题 3：T子问题 4：T子问题 5：T

第4题：

Text 2 America rarely looks to Brussels for guidance.Commercial freedom appeals more than governmental control.But when it comes to data privacy,the case for copying the best bits of the European Union's approach is compelling.The General Data Protection Regulation（GDPR）is due to come into force next month.It is rules-heavy and has its flaws,but its premise that consumers should be in charge of their personal data is the right one.The law lets users gain access to,and to correct,information that firms hold on them.It gives consumers the right to transfer their data to another organisation.It requires companies to define how they keep data secure.And it lets regulators levy big fines if firms break the rules.America has enacted privacy rules in areas such as health care.But it has never passed an overarching data-protection law.The failings of America's self-regulatory approach are becoming clearer by the week.Large parts of the online economy are fuelled by data that consumers spray around without thought.Companies'mysterious privacy policies obscure what they do with their users'information,which often amounts to pretty much anything they please.Facebook is embroiled in crisis after news that data on 87m users had been passed to a political-campaign firm.These are changing the calculus about the benefits of self-regulation.Opponents of privacy legislation have long argued that the imposition of rules would keep technology companies from innovating.Yet as trust leaks out of the system,innovation is likely to suffer.If consumers worry about what smartphone apps may do with their data,fewer new offerings will take off.It is striking that many of the firms preparing for the GDPR's arrival in Europe are excited that the law has forced them to put their data house in order.The need to minimise legal fragmentation only adds to the case for America to adopt bits of the GDPR.One reason behind the new rules in the EU was to harmonise data-protection laws so that firms can do business across Europe more easily.America is moving in the opposite direction.States that have detected a need for greater privacy are drafting their own laws.California has pending legislation that would establish a data-protection authority to regulate how the state's big tech firms use Californians'personal data.The GDPR is far from perfect.At nearly 100 articles long,it is too complex and tries to achieve too many things.The compliance costs for smaller firms,in particular,look burdensome.But these are arguments for using it as a template,not for ignoring the issue of data protection.If America continues on today's path,it will fail to protect the privacy of its citizens and long-term health of its firms.America's data economy has thrived so far with hardly any rules.That era is over.
The most suitable title for this text would be____

A.American firms in Europe will have to comply with the GDPR
B.America should protect its citizens'privacy and its firms'health
C.America should borrow from Europe's data-privacy law
D.America's data economy is evolving into a new era

答案：C
解析：
[信息锁定]文章前两段提出观点“就数据隐私，美国应借鉴欧盟方法（即《通用数据保护条例》）”。第三至五段从保护个人隐私，促进公司健康发展、保障技术创新、减少立法碎片等方面论证说明理由。末段总结发出呼吁“GDPR虽远非完美，但依然可用作数据保护的法律模版；美国应改变以前的自我监管方式、指定隐私保护法”。可见全文核心在于“美国应借鉴欧盟的隐私法GDPR”．C.为恰当标题。[解题技巧]A.未抓住本文主要面向对象：文章面向的是“美国（Amercica）”，而非“美国公司。B.符合作者总体观点，但未体现本文立足点“美国应通过借鉴欧洲的GDPR来保护其公民隐私及公司健康”。D.偏离本文关注对象：作者重点关注的是“数据隐私的保护”，而非“数据经济的发展”。

第5题：

根据以下内容，回答217-221题。
Interspeed Moves In
Lofton City residents will soon have yet another option when it comes to Internet service. The Sacramento-based finn Interspeed is planning to extend its service area to include commercial and residential districts in Lofton City starting next month.
Competition in the telecommunications industry is fierce, with two major national providers already established in Lofton City and surrounding areas. However, Interspeed is confident of suc-cess, according to Art Wang, a company spokesperson.
"Interspeed is going to offer consumers in Lofton City something new: top-of-the-line Internet
service at affordable prices," stated Wang.
While he decided to quote specific rates, it is assumed that Interspeed's basic service plan will cost consumers $18.95 a month, the same as the company charges in its other service areas.
This would undercut the price of the current cheapest plan available in Lofton City, offered by WireTech, and would be well below the $27.49 charged by Imex Systems, Inc., for its most popular plan.
May 18
Editorial Department
Lofton City Herald
1154 Burton Rd.
Lofton City, CA
Dear Sir or Madame,
I am writing in response to your article of May 16 entitled "Interspeed Moves In". I was very disappointed to see incorrect information presented about my company. Imex Systems, Inc.
In your analysis of interspeed, you compared the price of its cheapest and most basic service plan to that of our most popular plan. However, because our best-selling service happens to be a high-speed option, the comparison was flawed and gave the false impression that Imex is a much more expensive provider than interspeed. If you had researched our prices, you would have seen that our basic plan costs $19.99 a month, which is nearly the same as the Interspeed plan you cited.
Needless to say, we here at Imex are concerned about the effects this misinformation could have on our business. We expect your paper to take responsibility for the error and print a correc- tion and apology as soon as possible. I would ask that you please contact me at 1-511-555-8011, so I may provide you with accurate information about the pricing of our services.
Thank you,
Candice Rigalotta
Public Relations Department
Imex System, Inc.

What is the article mainly about?

A.A breakthrough in Internet technology
B.Three business in Lofton City
C.A company's planned expansion
D.Trends in telecommunications

答案：C
解析：
第1段第2句中的“planning to extend its service area”和正确答案中的C是意思一致的。

第6题：

阅读理解 判断给出的语句是否正确，正确的在括号内写(T)不符的在括号内写(F)

It is amazing to note that the Internet is still such a new device, and yet it is one of the fastest and most powerful media tools. But think about it for a moment. On the Internet, a big online company can be run by only two guys in their garage. So it is only reasonable then, that people shopping online would be a little leery of the security levels.

Internet giants such as Microsoft knew consumer confidence was the key to getting virtual (虚拟的) shopping off the ground, and they work hard to make people feel safe to shop online.

Credit card companies, too, quickly saw the potential For online shopping, and have installed things like online shopping insurance for people. If you ever have a problem with your online credit purchases, many credit card companies will happily refund (退还) your money and then set their claws on the company that wronged you。 Now that’s buying power!

There are other bonuses for online shoppers, of course. No line-ups,for one. No annoying mall shopping carts with broken wheels and kids crying because their parents won’t get them what they want.

When shopping on1ine, consumers can sit down, have a coffee, and wear their slippers, not having to worry about their hair or parking, and just clicking through sale after sale.

Comparison shopping couldn’t be any easier. And thanks to courier companies (快递公司) getting in on the act you never need to wait longer than a day or two to get those all important purchases delivered right to your door.

No wonder so many companies are shaking their heads at traditional retailing and instead looking to the “virtual” world to attract online shoppers.

( ) 26、 The underlined word “leery” in the first paragraph means being very sure.

( ) 27、 Consumer confidence in online shopping mainly relies on security in shopping.

( ) 28、 Internet giants, traditional retailers, courier companies and credit card companies have made contributions to the popularity of online shopping.

( ) 29、 The author think of the current online shopping as safe, convenient and fast.

( ) 30、 Nowadays many companies are trying to cooperate with the online shoppers instead of traditional retailers.


参考答案：26、T 27、T 28、F 29、T 30、F


第7题：

What is true about Imex System Inc.?

A.Many of its customers have a high speed connection
B.It was the first Internet service provider in Lofton City
C.The prices of many of its items were recently reduced
D.It offers cheaper Internet Service than Interspeed

答案：A
解析：
第二段第二句中，Imex系统公司销售最好的是高速网络服务。

第8题：

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.

[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.


正确答案：B

正于28题分析的，本文中心介绍了一种出版新的趋势——网络出版。B正是这一观点的高度概括，故答案为B.

第9题：

Text 2 America rarely looks to Brussels for guidance.Commercial freedom appeals more than governmental control.But when it comes to data privacy,the case for copying the best bits of the European Union's approach is compelling.The General Data Protection Regulation（GDPR）is due to come into force next month.It is rules-heavy and has its flaws,but its premise that consumers should be in charge of their personal data is the right one.The law lets users gain access to,and to correct,information that firms hold on them.It gives consumers the right to transfer their data to another organisation.It requires companies to define how they keep data secure.And it lets regulators levy big fines if firms break the rules.America has enacted privacy rules in areas such as health care.But it has never passed an overarching data-protection law.The failings of America's self-regulatory approach are becoming clearer by the week.Large parts of the online economy are fuelled by data that consumers spray around without thought.Companies'mysterious privacy policies obscure what they do with their users'information,which often amounts to pretty much anything they please.Facebook is embroiled in crisis after news that data on 87m users had been passed to a political-campaign firm.These are changing the calculus about the benefits of self-regulation.Opponents of privacy legislation have long argued that the imposition of rules would keep technology companies from innovating.Yet as trust leaks out of the system,innovation is likely to suffer.If consumers worry about what smartphone apps may do with their data,fewer new offerings will take off.It is striking that many of the firms preparing for the GDPR's arrival in Europe are excited that the law has forced them to put their data house in order.The need to minimise legal fragmentation only adds to the case for America to adopt bits of the GDPR.One reason behind the new rules in the EU was to harmonise data-protection laws so that firms can do business across Europe more easily.America is moving in the opposite direction.States that have detected a need for greater privacy are drafting their own laws.California has pending legislation that would establish a data-protection authority to regulate how the state's big tech firms use Californians'personal data.The GDPR is far from perfect.At nearly 100 articles long,it is too complex and tries to achieve too many things.The compliance costs for smaller firms,in particular,look burdensome.But these are arguments for using it as a template,not for ignoring the issue of data protection.If America continues on today's path,it will fail to protect the privacy of its citizens and long-term health of its firms.America's data economy has thrived so far with hardly any rules.That era is over.
Facebook is mentioned to show that_____.

A.America needs a general data-protection law
B.online economy relies heavily on consumer data
C.online news can produce strong economic impact
D.America has benefited greatly from self-regulation

答案：A
解析：
[信息锁定]第三段首先指出，美国尚未通过任何一项包罗性的数据保护法，其自我监管方式的弱点正日益突显，公司几乎可以对用户数据为所欲为。最后指出，“将8700万用户的数据转给一家政治活动公司”的行为被报道之后，脸书陷入了危机。可见，文中提及脸书意在说明自我监管方法存在缺陷、美国需要一部全面的数据保护法，A.正确。[解题技巧]B.为第三段③句所述事实，但这是背景信息，并未触及核心观点，因此并非事例说明对象。且事例本身强调的是“脸书因转移用户数据而陷入危机”，并非“脸书对用户数据的依赖”。C.对事例信息“新闻披露（news）使得脸书陷入危机”过度推导，文中并非意在强调“新闻的影响”，更未指出这是“在线新闻”。D.对第四段首句the benefits of self-regulation断章取义，结合第三段③句可知，该句是在指出“自我监管方法的益处受到质疑”，选项内容与其相悖。

第10题：

Text 2 Internet service providers have realized that they are sitting on a treasure chest of data about your online activities that they could be selling to advertisers.Recognizing the privacy threat,the Federal Communications Commission adopted rules that would have stopped them from doing so without your consent,but Congress recently shot down the regulation.This is a big deal.Privacy doesn't merely benefit individuals;it fundamentally shapes how society functions.It is crucial for marginalized communities and for social movements.Privacy enables these groups to network,organize,and develop their ideas before challenging the status quo.But when people know they're being tracked and monitored,they change their behavior.This chilling effect hurts our intellectual freedoms and our capacity for social progress.The data that tracks our behavior feeds into machine-learning algorithms that make judgments about us.When used for advertising,they can reproduce our own prejudiced behavior.Marketers can use machine learning to figure out your unique features-do you resDond better to words or to pictures?Do you make impulsive shopping decisions?-to target you with exactly the advertisement that will best persuade you.When consequential decisions about employment or loans are made using this kind of data,the result can feel absurd and incomprehensible,because these systems aren't programmed to explain their decisions.There aren't yet effective ways for humans to hold algorithms accountable for how they categorize us.The good news is how effective technology can be in preventing tracking.We found that ad blockers and other browser-privacy tools can decrease tracking by 80 percent or more.More complex tools can be even more effective.In other worcls,the more technically savvy among us can enjoy dramatically better privacy and digital freedoms.But this has resulted in a technological"arms race,"which is worrying by itself,but also because such technical skill correlates with historically advantaged groups.Meanwhile,publishers are caught in the ad-blocking crossfire,endangering the free press.One bright spot is that online privacy research has had a tremendous effect.It has helped regulators curb the worst of the offenses,forced companies to roll back invasions because of public-relations pressure,spurred the development of privacy tools,and developed a healthy public debate about online tracking.The fight for privacy is now closely linked to the fight for digital civil liberties and democratic values,and it is a movement that includes activists,artists,journalists,researchers,and everyday users of technology.There's tremendous power in your hands to take charge of your own privacy as well as foster these societal values.
It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that data-driven algorithms could____

A.overcome personal prejudices
B.produce unconvincing advertisements
C.form unreliable hiring decisions
D.categorize humans reasonably

答案：C
解析：
[信息锁定]第三段首先指出个人数据可被用于机器学习算法，评判人类。随即明确影响：用于做广告时，会复制我们自身偏见行为；用于营销时，可实现精准投放，更有效劝诱消费者；用于雇佣和贷款决策时，往往生成荒谬难懂的结果。可见C.符合文意。[解题技巧]A.与第三段②句“个人数据驱动的算法会复制（reproduce）我们自身的偏见行为”矛盾。B.与第三段③句“算法有助于营销人员发现你的特点、向你精准投放最能说服你的广告”相悖。D.对第三段⑤句effective ways.…accountable.…categorize us断章取义：将其原本含义“基于数据的算法无法对‘如何对人类分类’负责（即：其分类并不可靠）”理解为与之相反的“可将人们合理分类”。

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