资料：We all know that lack of sleep affects our memory along with other cognitive abilities. Sitting in the office sleep deprives it’s difficult to remember your own name, let along the ever-lengthenin

共用题干
Sleep Deficit
Judging from recent surveys,most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流行病）of sleepiness in the nation."I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,"says Dr.David.Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleep-deficit（睡眠不足）crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago.From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries,sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night."The best sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was dark."By the 1950s and 1960s,that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8 hours,and most people had to wake up to an alarm clock."People cheat on their sleep,and they don't even realize they're doing it,"says Dr.David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5,8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,researchers say,is the complexity of the day.Whenever pressures from work,family,friends and community mount,many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme.In our society,you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5;5 hours, sleep.If you've got to get 8.5 hours,people think you lack drive and ambition.
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psycho-logical and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier."We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,"says Dr.David."Short-term memory is weakened,as arc abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."

It can be inferred from this passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to______.
A:improve one,S memory dramatically
B:be considered dynamic by other people
C:maintain one's daily schedule
D:feel energetic and perform adequately

Text 2 Obesity used to be regarded as a disease of afiluent societies.In a sense,of course,this is true:you cannot be obese if you cannot afford enough calories.But we now understand that the story is more complex,and that children from low-income groups are more likely to be obese than those from the highest-income groups.Our understanding of sleep deprivation has yet to see a similar evolution.Almost half the British population say they get six hours'sleep a night or less,compared with around a twelfth in 1942.Experts blame developments such as electriiication and the proliferation of entertainment,one neuroscientist went so far as to warn of a"catastrophic sleep-loss epidemic"recently.We need sleep for mental and physical recovery;for cognitive control,memory and leaming.Sleep loss is associated with everything from obesity and Alzheimer's disease to diabetes and poor mental health.Sleep evangelists（布i道者）such as Arianna Huffington portray a world of busy professionals sending emails into the early hours,teenagers watching televisions in their bedrooms and parents shopping online when they should be winding down.The solutions are obvious,even if we struggle to find the discipline to implement them:turn offyour phone and for goodness sake go to bed..The truth is that poorer people sleep worse.You cannot buy sleep itself,but you must pay for the circumstances likely to induce it.Overcrowded,noisy,cold or unsafe housing makes sleep harder.So does shift work-especially ifit is casualised and unpredictable.Poor nutrition and stress also take their toll.We worried about reaching for our smartphone at night,while those making the devices sleep on hard beds in shared dormitories with coworkers clattering to and fro,as Benjamin Reiss observes in his book Wild Nights."Social inequities are reproduced and even multiplied in sleep,"he writes;children in bad housing will struggle to concentrate in class after a poor night's sleep.The gap is racial too.Lauren Hale,an expert on social patrerns of sleep,notes that fewer black people get the recommended amount of sleep than any other ethnic group in the U.S.,and less of it is the most restorative kind.Racism may itself affect sleep,perhaps because of the stress it causes;African Americans who report discrimination are more likely to say they sleep poorly than those who do not.Sleep is a social justice issue,requiring social solutions.Telling people to cut down on coffee is easy;improving labour laws is harder.But when people's sleep problems reflect their lack of control over their lives,telling them they should change how they live is profoundly unhelpful.27.Which of the following is odd according to Paragraph 2?

A.What we thought about the lack of sleep may be wrong.
B.Sleep is vital to our mental and physical health.
C.More and more British people sleep less.
D.Sleep-loss epidemic is around the comer.

Offering expert advice
B. Conducting research
C. Managing property
D. Building private homes
Questions80-84 refer to the following advertisement.
We all know that lack of sleep affects our memory, along with other cognitive abilities. Sittingin the office, sleep deprived, it’s difficult to remember your own name, let along theever-lengthening to-do list.
But now new research shows that not getting enough sleep increases the chances your mind will actually create false memories. The study, published in Psychological Science, allowed one group of participants to get a full night’s sleep, while another had to stay up all night. In the morning they were given a series of photos that were supposed to show a crime being committed. Next, both groups were given some eyewitness statements about the crime. Like many witness statements in real-life crimes, the details were different to those shown in the photographs. For example, in
one instance the photo showed a thief putting a wallet in his jacket, but in the witness statement it said he put it in his pants （that’s ‘trousers’ for British people, not his underwear!）. Afterwards, they were asked what they had seen in the original photographs. The results showed that those who’d missed out on their sleep were the most likely to regurgitate the false eyewitness statements they’d just read, rather than remembering the ‘true’ crime-scene photos they’d been
shown moments beforehand.
The lack of sleep had messed with their heads to the extent that all the evidence — right and wrong — had got mixed up.
One of the study’s authors, Kimberly Fenn, said:” People who repeatedly get low amounts of sleep every night could be more prone in the long run to develop these forms of memory distortion. It’s not just a full night of sleep deprivation that puts them at risk.” Indeed, a preliminary study they carried out found that getting just five hours sleep was enough to cause people to start manufacturing false memories.

What is best title of this article?

A. Sleep and Photographic memory
B. Sleep and Cognitive of human beings
C. Lack of Sleep Leading to Crimes
D. Lack of Sleep Producing False Memory

Offering expert advice
B. Conducting research
C. Managing property
D. Building private homes
Questions80-84 refer to the following advertisement.
We all know that lack of sleep affects our memory, along with other cognitive abilities. Sittingin the office, sleep deprived, it’s difficult to remember your own name, let along theever-lengthening to-do list.
But now new research shows that not getting enough sleep increases the chances your mind will actually create false memories. The study, published in Psychological Science, allowed one group of participants to get a full night’s sleep, while another had to stay up all night. In the morning they were given a series of photos that were supposed to show a crime being committed. Next, both groups were given some eyewitness statements about the crime. Like many witness statements in real-life crimes, the details were different to those shown in the photographs. For example, in
one instance the photo showed a thief putting a wallet in his jacket, but in the witness statement it said he put it in his pants （that’s ‘trousers’ for British people, not his underwear!）. Afterwards, they were asked what they had seen in the original photographs. The results showed that those who’d missed out on their sleep were the most likely to regurgitate the false eyewitness statements they’d just read, rather than remembering the ‘true’ crime-scene photos they’d been
shown moments beforehand.
The lack of sleep had messed with their heads to the extent that all the evidence — right and wrong — had got mixed up.
One of the study’s authors, Kimberly Fenn, said:” People who repeatedly get low amounts of sleep every night could be more prone in the long run to develop these forms of memory distortion. It’s not just a full night of sleep deprivation that puts them at risk.” Indeed, a preliminary study they carried out found that getting just five hours sleep was enough to cause people to start manufacturing false memories.

What is the independent variable in the study?

A. The memory distortion
B. The short-term memory
C. The amount of sleep
D. The ability to recall long list

Text 2 Obesity used to be regarded as a disease of afiluent societies.In a sense,of course,this is true:you cannot be obese if you cannot afford enough calories.But we now understand that the story is more complex,and that children from low-income groups are more likely to be obese than those from the highest-income groups.Our understanding of sleep deprivation has yet to see a similar evolution.Almost half the British population say they get six hours'sleep a night or less,compared with around a twelfth in 1942.Experts blame developments such as electriiication and the proliferation of entertainment,one neuroscientist went so far as to warn of a"catastrophic sleep-loss epidemic"recently.We need sleep for mental and physical recovery;for cognitive control,memory and leaming.Sleep loss is associated with everything from obesity and Alzheimer's disease to diabetes and poor mental health.Sleep evangelists（布i道者）such as Arianna Huffington portray a world of busy professionals sending emails into the early hours,teenagers watching televisions in their bedrooms and parents shopping online when they should be winding down.The solutions are obvious,even if we struggle to find the discipline to implement them:turn offyour phone and for goodness sake go to bed..The truth is that poorer people sleep worse.You cannot buy sleep itself,but you must pay for the circumstances likely to induce it.Overcrowded,noisy,cold or unsafe housing makes sleep harder.So does shift work-especially ifit is casualised and unpredictable.Poor nutrition and stress also take their toll.We worried about reaching for our smartphone at night,while those making the devices sleep on hard beds in shared dormitories with coworkers clattering to and fro,as Benjamin Reiss observes in his book Wild Nights."Social inequities are reproduced and even multiplied in sleep,"he writes;children in bad housing will struggle to concentrate in class after a poor night's sleep.The gap is racial too.Lauren Hale,an expert on social patrerns of sleep,notes that fewer black people get the recommended amount of sleep than any other ethnic group in the U.S.,and less of it is the most restorative kind.Racism may itself affect sleep,perhaps because of the stress it causes;African Americans who report discrimination are more likely to say they sleep poorly than those who do not.Sleep is a social justice issue,requiring social solutions.Telling people to cut down on coffee is easy;improving labour laws is harder.But when people's sleep problems reflect their lack of control over their lives,telling them they should change how they live is profoundly unhelpful.26.We can infer from Paragraph I that obesity

A.is a common social problem.
B.is often found among the rich.
C.is not that simple as we thought.
D.is caused by over-taking of calories.

Offering expert advice
B. Conducting research
C. Managing property
D. Building private homes
Questions80-84 refer to the following advertisement.
We all know that lack of sleep affects our memory, along with other cognitive abilities. Sittingin the office, sleep deprived, it’s difficult to remember your own name, let along theever-lengthening to-do list.
But now new research shows that not getting enough sleep increases the chances your mind will actually create false memories. The study, published in Psychological Science, allowed one group of participants to get a full night’s sleep, while another had to stay up all night. In the morning they were given a series of photos that were supposed to show a crime being committed. Next, both groups were given some eyewitness statements about the crime. Like many witness statements in real-life crimes, the details were different to those shown in the photographs. For example, in
one instance the photo showed a thief putting a wallet in his jacket, but in the witness statement it said he put it in his pants （that’s ‘trousers’ for British people, not his underwear!）. Afterwards, they were asked what they had seen in the original photographs. The results showed that those who’d missed out on their sleep were the most likely to regurgitate the false eyewitness statements they’d just read, rather than remembering the ‘true’ crime-scene photos they’d been
shown moments beforehand.
The lack of sleep had messed with their heads to the extent that all the evidence — right and wrong — had got mixed up.
One of the study’s authors, Kimberly Fenn, said:” People who repeatedly get low amounts of sleep every night could be more prone in the long run to develop these forms of memory distortion. It’s not just a full night of sleep deprivation that puts them at risk.” Indeed, a preliminary study they carried out found that getting just five hours sleep was enough to cause people to start manufacturing false memories.

Which of the following statements is true according the article?

A. A full night of sleep deprivation outs people on the risk of false memory
B. Deprivation of sleep fails to have impact on the ability to memorize list
C. Short-term lack of sleep is more likely to result in memory distortion
D. Your own name will not escape you no matter how long you sleep

共用题干
第二篇

Sleep Necessary for Memories

Burning the midnight oil before an exam or interview does harm to the performance
according to a recent research which found that sleep is necessary for memories to be taken
back into the brain.A good night's sleep within 30 hours of trying to remember a new task is
a required condition of having good recall in the weeks ahead,scientists have found.
The research,published in the December issue of Nature Neuroscience,showed that
it was the act of sleep,rather than the simple passage of time,that was critical for long-
term memory formation.
"We think that getting that first night's sleep starts the process of memory consolidation
（巩固）,"said Robert Stickgold , a sleep researcher at Harvard Medical School who
conducted the latest study.
"It seems that memories normally wash out of the brain unless some process nails them
down.My suspicion is that sleep is one of those things that does the nailing down,"
Professor Stickgold said.
With about one in five people claiming that they are so chronically short of sleep that it
affects their daily activities,the latest work emphasizes the less well-understood side effect-
serious memory impairment（损害）.
Volunteers in an experiment found it easier to remember a memory task if they were
allowed to sleep that night.But for those kept awake,no amount of subsequent sleep
made up for the initial loss.
Professor Stickgold's team trained 24 people to identify the direction of three diagonal
（斜线形的）bars flashed for a sixtieth of a second on a computer screen full of horizontal
（水平的）stripes.
Half of the subjects were kept awake that night,while the others slept.Both groups
were allowed to sleep for the second and third nights to make up for any differences in
tiredness between the volunteers.
Those who slept the first night were significantly and consistently better at remembering
the task while the second group showed no improvement despite enjoying two nights of
catch-up sleep.

Stickgold's research focused on the side effect produced by
A:memory impairment.
B:lack of sleep.
C:low work efficiency.
D:memory recall.

Offering expert advice
B. Conducting research
C. Managing property
D. Building private homes
Questions80-84 refer to the following advertisement.
We all know that lack of sleep affects our memory, along with other cognitive abilities. Sittingin the office, sleep deprived, it’s difficult to remember your own name, let along theever-lengthening to-do list.
But now new research shows that not getting enough sleep increases the chances your mind will actually create false memories. The study, published in Psychological Science, allowed one group of participants to get a full night’s sleep, while another had to stay up all night. In the morning they were given a series of photos that were supposed to show a crime being committed. Next, both groups were given some eyewitness statements about the crime. Like many witness statements in real-life crimes, the details were different to those shown in the photographs. For example, in
one instance the photo showed a thief putting a wallet in his jacket, but in the witness statement it said he put it in his pants （that’s ‘trousers’ for British people, not his underwear!）. Afterwards, they were asked what they had seen in the original photographs. The results showed that those who’d missed out on their sleep were the most likely to regurgitate the false eyewitness statements they’d just read, rather than remembering the ‘true’ crime-scene photos they’d been
shown moments beforehand.
The lack of sleep had messed with their heads to the extent that all the evidence — right and wrong — had got mixed up.
One of the study’s authors, Kimberly Fenn, said:” People who repeatedly get low amounts of sleep every night could be more prone in the long run to develop these forms of memory distortion. It’s not just a full night of sleep deprivation that puts them at risk.” Indeed, a preliminary study they carried out found that getting just five hours sleep was enough to cause people to start manufacturing false memories.

Which does the underlined word “regurgitate” （paragraph 3） mean?

A. Repeat
B. Feed
C. Pour back
D. Remix

Offering expert advice
B. Conducting research
C. Managing property
D. Building private homes
Questions80-84 refer to the following advertisement.
We all know that lack of sleep affects our memory, along with other cognitive abilities. Sittingin the office, sleep deprived, it’s difficult to remember your own name, let along theever-lengthening to-do list.
But now new research shows that not getting enough sleep increases the chances your mind will actually create false memories. The study, published in Psychological Science, allowed one group of participants to get a full night’s sleep, while another had to stay up all night. In the morning they were given a series of photos that were supposed to show a crime being committed. Next, both groups were given some eyewitness statements about the crime. Like many witness statements in real-life crimes, the details were different to those shown in the photographs. For example, in
one instance the photo showed a thief putting a wallet in his jacket, but in the witness statement it said he put it in his pants （that’s ‘trousers’ for British people, not his underwear!）. Afterwards, they were asked what they had seen in the original photographs. The results showed that those who’d missed out on their sleep were the most likely to regurgitate the false eyewitness statements they’d just read, rather than remembering the ‘true’ crime-scene photos they’d been
shown moments beforehand.
The lack of sleep had messed with their heads to the extent that all the evidence — right and wrong — had got mixed up.
One of the study’s authors, Kimberly Fenn, said:” People who repeatedly get low amounts of sleep every night could be more prone in the long run to develop these forms of memory distortion. It’s not just a full night of sleep deprivation that puts them at risk.” Indeed, a preliminary study they carried out found that getting just five hours sleep was enough to cause people to start manufacturing false memories.

What is the dependent variable in the study?

A. Creation of false memories
B. Crime being created
C. Memory deprivation
D. Different details shown