leukocyte differentiation antigen (LDA)
第1题:
4 David Silvester is the founder and owner of a recently formed gift packaging company, Gift Designs Ltd. David has
spotted an opportunity for a new type of gift packaging. This uses a new process to make waterproof cardboard and
then shapes and cuts the card in such a way to produce a container or vase for holding cut flowers. The containers
can be stored flat and in bulk and then simply squeezed to create the flowerpot into which flowers and water are then
put. The potential market for the product is huge. In the UK hospitals alone there are 200,000 bunches of flowers
bought each year for patients. David’s innovative product does away with the need for hospitals to provide and store
glass vases. The paper vases are simple, safe and hygienic. He has also identified two other potential markets; firstly,
the market for fresh flowers supplied by florists and secondly, the corporate gift market where clients such as car
dealers present a new owner with an expensive bunch of flowers when the customer takes delivery of a new car. The
vase can be printed using a customer’s design and logo and creates an opportunity for real differentiation and impact
at sales conferences and other high profile PR events.
David anticipates a rapid growth in Gift Designs as its products become known and appreciated. The key question is
how quickly the company should grow and the types of funding needed to support its growth and development. The
initial financial demands of the business have been quite modest but David has estimated that the business needs
£500K to support its development over the next two years and is uncertain as to the types of funding best suited to
a new business as it looks to grow rapidly. He understands that business risk and financial risk is not the same thing
and is looking for advice on how he should organise the funding of the business. He is also aware of the need to avoid
reliance on friends and family for funding and to broaden the financial support for the business. Clearly the funding
required would also be affected by the activities David decides to carry out himself and those activities better provided
by external suppliers.
Required:
(a) Provide David with a short report on the key issues he should take into account when developing a strategy
for funding Gift Designs’ growth and development. (10 marks)
(a) To: David Silvester
From:
Funding strategy for Gift Designs Ltd
Clearly, you have identified a real business opportunity and face both business and financial risks in turning the opportunity
into reality. One possible model you can use is that of the product life cycle which as a one-product firm is effectively the life
cycle for the company. Linking business risk to financial risk is important – in the early stages of the business the business
risk is high and the high death rate amongst new start-ups is well publicised and, consequently, there is a need to go for low
financial risk. Funding the business is essentially deciding the balance between debt and equity finance, and equity offers the
low risk that you should be looking for. As the firm grows and develops so the balance between debt and equity will change.
A new business venture like this could in Boston Box terms be seen as a problem child with a non-existent market share but
high growth potential. The business risks are very high and consequently the financial risks taken should be very low and
avoid taking on large amounts of debt with a commitment to service the debt.
You need to take advantage of investors who are willing to accept the risks associated with a business start-up – venture
capitalists and business angels accept the risks associated with putting equity capital in but may expect a significant share
in the ownership of the business. This they will seek to realise once the business is successfully established. As the business
moves into growth and then maturity so the business risks will reduce and access to debt finance becomes feasible and cost
effective. In maturity the business should be able to generate significant retained earnings to finance further development.
Dividend policy will also be affected by the stage in the life cycle that the business has reached.
Yours,
第2题:
Between about 1910 and 1930, new artistic movements in European art were making themselves felt in the United States. American artists became acquainted with the new art on their trips to Paris and at the exhibitions in the famous New York gallery “291”( named after its address on Fifth Avenue) of the photographer Alfred Stieglitz. But most important in the spread of the modern movements in the United States was the sensational Armory Show of the 1913 held in New York, in which the works of many of the leading European artists were seen along with the works of a number of progressive American painters. Several of the American modernists who were influenced by the Armory Show found the urban landscape, especially New York, an appealing subject. Compared with the works of the realist painters, the works of American modernists were much further removed from the actual appearance of the city; they were more interested in the “feel “ of the city, more concerned with the meaning behind appearance. However, both the painters of the Ash Can School” and the later realists were still tied to nineteenth-century or earlier styles, while the early modernists shared in the international breakthroughs of the art of the twentieth century.The greatest of these breakthroughs was Cubism, developed most fully in France between 1907 and 1914, which brought about a major revolution in Western painting. It overturned the regional tradition that had been built upon since the Renaissance. In cubism, natural forms were broken down analytically into geometric shapes. No longer was a clear differentiation made between the figure and the background of a painting: the objects represented and the surface on which they were painted became one. The Cubists abandoned the conventional single vantage point of the viewer, and objects depicted from multiple viewpoints were shown at the same way.
51.What’s the main topic of the passage?
A. Modern art movements in the United States.
B. The great influence of Cubism.
C. Several American modernists found urban landscape an appealing subject.
D. Contemporary artists in the United States.
52.Which of the following is not mentioned as a means through which American artists learned about new movements?
A. Trips to Paris.
B. Lectures by European artists.
C. The exhibitions in the famous New York gallery “291”.
D. The sensational Armory Show in 1913.
53.What was exhibited on the sensational Armory Show of 1913 in New York?
A. Works of many leading European artists as well as works of many progressive American painters.
B. Works of all the European artists and American painters.
C. Works of a number of American modernists and painters of the “Ash Can School”.
D. Works of European artists only.
54.According to the author, which of the following was a major new movement in twentieth-century art?
A. Impressionism.
B. Cubism.
C. The rational tradition.
D. Realism.
55.What do we know about Cubism?
A. It made a clear differentiation between the figure and the background of a painting.
B. Natural forms were broken down analytically into shape of a square.
C. The object represented and the surface on which they were painted became one.
D. The Cubists preserved the conventional single vantage point of the viewer.
第3题:
Control chart theory is based on the differentiation of the causes of variations in quality. Variations may be produced by assignable causes. All of the following are examples of assignable causes except:
A . differences among machines.
B . differences among workers.
C . differences among materials.
D . differences in each of these factors over time.
E . None of the above (all are examples)
第4题:
白细胞分化抗原(leukocyte differentiation antigen)
第5题:
第6题:
Product differentiation产品差别
类似商品之间存在着的使它们不至于成为完全替代品的因素。如,因位置差别使得在不同地点出售的同型号的汽油成为不完全的替代品。具有产品差别的企业面对的是向下倾斜的需求曲线,而不是完全竞争情况下的那种水平的需求曲线。
第7题:
【T1】
A.HANDLE
B.ON
C.CONTINUED TO A.THE TREND WAS NATURALLY MOST OBVIOUS IN THOSE AREAS OF SCIENCE BASED ESPECIALLY【T1】______A MATHEMATICAL OR LABORATORY TRAINING
B.AMATEURS, ON THE OTHER HAND, HAVE【T2】______PURSUE LOCAL STUDIES
C.ONE MAN COULD CONTINUE TO【T3】______THE INFORMATION SPECIALIZATION CAN BE SEEN AS A RESPONSE TO THE PROBLEM OF AN INCREASING ACCUMULATION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDG
E.BY SPLITTING UP THE SUBJECT MATTER INTO SMALLER UNITS,【T4】_____AND USE IT AS THE BASIS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
H.BUT SPECIALIZATION WAS ONLY ONEOF A SERIES OF RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AFFECTING THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATIO
N.ANOTHER WAS THE GROWING PROFESSIONALISATION OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY. NO CLEAR-CUT DISTINCTION CAN BE DRAWN BETWEEN PROFESSIONALS AND AMATEURS IN SCIENCE:EXCEPTIONS CAN BE FOUND TO ANY RUL
E.NEVERTHELESS, THE WORD "AMATEUR" DOES CARRY A CONNOTATION THAT THE PERSON CONCERNED IS NOT FULLY INTEGRATED INTO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AND, IN PARTICULAR, MAY NOT FULLY SHARE ITS VALUES.THE GROWTH OF SPECIALIZATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, WITH ITS CONSEQUENT REQUIREMENT OF A LONGER, MORE COMPLEX TRAINING, IMPLIED GREATER PROBLEMS FOR AMATEUR PARTICIPATION IN SCIENC
E.【T5】______, AND CAN BE ILLUSTRATED IN TERMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOLOGY IN THE UNITED KINGDO
M. A COMPARISON OF BRITISH GEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OVER THE LAST CENTURY AND A HALF REVEALS NOT SIMPLY AN INCREASING EMPHASIS ON THE PRIMACY OF RESEARCH, BUT ALSO A CHANGING DEFINITION OF WHAT CONSTITUTES AN ACCEPTABLE RESEARCH PAPER.THUS, IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, LOCAL GEOLOGICAL STUDIES REPRESENTED WORTHWHILE RESEARCH IN THEIR OWN RIGHT; BUT, IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY,LOCAL STUDIES HAVE INCREASINGLY BECOME ACCEPTABLE TO PROFESSIONALS ONLY IFTHEY INCORPORATE, AND REFLECT ON, THE WIDER GEOLOGICAL PICTUR
E.【T6】______ IN THEOLD WAY.THE OVERALL RESULT HAS BEEN TO MAKE ENTRANCE TO PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGICAL JOURNALS HARDER FOR AMATEURS, A RESULT THAT HAS BEEN REINFORCED BY THE WIDESPREAD INTRODUCTION OF REFEREEING, FIRST BY NATIONAL JOURNALS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THEN BY SEVERAL LOCAL GEOLOGICAL JOURNALS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.AS A LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE OF THIS DEVELOPMENT, SEPARATE JOURNALS HAVE NOW APPEARED AIMED MAINLY TOWARDS EITHER PROFESSIONAL OR AMATEUR READERSHIP.A RATHER SIMILAR PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION HAS LED TO PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGISTS COMING TOGETHER NATIONALLY WITHIN ONE OR TWO SPECIFIC SOCIETIES, WHEREAS THE AMATEURS HAVE TENDED EITHER TO REMAIN IN LOCAL SOCIETIES OR TO COME TOGETHER NATIONALLY IN A DIFFERENT WAY.
第8题:
195 Control chart theory is based on the differentiation of the causes of variations in quality. Variations may be produced by assignable causes. All of the following are examples of assignable causes except:
A. differences among machines.
B. differences among workers.
C. differences among materials.
D. differences in each of these factors over time.
E. None of the above (all are examples)
第9题:
第10题:
HLA抗原(human leukocyte antigen)