Text 4Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things”—physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.
Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people’s aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.
One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information-revolution”, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.
第36题：Which of the following does not belong to material culture?
［A］ Instruments.
［B］ Music.
［C］ Paintings.
［D］ Sheet music.
第1题：
Euphemism refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of, or association with particular objects, action, or persons.()
第2题：
A、A connotative meaning of a word
B、A cognitive meaning of a word
C、Denotative meaning of a word or a lexical item
D、Collocations
第3题：
The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.
[A] are resistant to homogenization
[B] exert a great influence on American culture
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture
[D] constitute the majority of the population
第4题：
【 The Internet ofthings (IoT) is the inter-networking ofphysical devices，vehicles ，buildings ，and other items embedded with electronics ，software，sensors，actuators，and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and exchange data. In 2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet ofThings (IoT-GSI) defined the 10T as " a global infrastructure for the information society， enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies" and for these purposes a "thing" is "an object ofthe physical world (physical things) or the information world (virtual things). which is capable ofbeing identified and integrated into communication networks". The 10T allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure ，creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer - based systems，and resulting in improved efficiency. Accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators，the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber physical systems，which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids，virtual power plants ，smart homes ，intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Intemet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the 10T wi l1 consist of about 30 bi l1ion objects by 2020. 】 Based on the paragraph above，we know that the applications ofthe 10T include (98) . RFID technology makes it possible to automatically (99) every object on the Internet ofthings，and is the foundation ofnetworking. From the industry point of view，IoT is mainly involved in industries including (100).
A. environmental monitoring B.intelligent transportation C.energy management D.all ofthe above A. identify B.find C. track D. encrypt A. electronics B.communication C. software D. all of the above
第5题：
In the text, the author mainly deals with _________.
［A］ the necessity of drama in a culture
［B］ some social functions of dramas
［C］ the responsibility of dramatists
［D］ some key elements in drama-making
本题考查文章主旨。本文主要从文学角度介绍了戏剧所包含的重要因素。其中提到了人文动作者、情节、冲突、危机、结局等术语。因此［D］是主旨。其他项在文中都没有涉及。
第6题：
此题为判断题(对，错)。
第7题：
The ( ) refers to the integration of complex physical machinery with networked sensors and software. It draws together fields such as machine learning, big data, the Internet of things and machine-to-machine communication to ingest data form machines, analyze it (often in real-time), and use it to adjust operations.
A.Industrial internet
B.factory interne
C.Industrial web
D.business internet
第8题：
In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made.
译文：在古典物理中，某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。
本题考核的知识点是：被动语态、定语从句的译法。
该句的句子主干是：the mass ... had always been associated with an indestructible material substance，其中完成时的被动语态had been associated with，可译成“总是与．．．相关联”。with some “stuff” of which引导的定语从句修饰indestructible material substance，翻译的时候应该按照汉语习惯，将定语前置，放到所修饰的名词前面。可直译为“所有物质被认为是由这种物质构成的”，或意译为“这是构成一切物质的东西”。考生应该注意of 与be made是词组be made of被分隔了的形式，译成“由．．．构成的”。
词汇：classical“经典的，古典的”，在该句中取其第二种含义，译成“古典物理”。
第9题：
The main idea of the first paragraph is _____.
［A］ the importance of cultural tools and technology
［B］ the cultural influence of the development of civilization
［C］ the focus of the study of the material culture of music
［D］ the significance of the research into the musical instruments
本题考查段落主旨。第一段共七句。第一句给“物质文化”下定义；第二、三句指出研究音乐文化就要研究音乐物质文化。第四、五句指出乐器是音乐文化研究中的重要物质文化。第六句指出乐器作为物质文化的两种形式。第七句举例说明乐器的研究在音乐文化研究中所起的作用。由此可见，第一段涉及的主题应是作为音乐物质文化的“乐器”，因此［D］正确。［A］和［B］泛泛谈文化，应排除。［C］虽然提到了音乐物质文化的研究，但未具体到乐器。
第10题：
The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.
A.are resistant to homogenization. B.exert a great influence on American culture. C.are hardly a threat to the common culture. D.constitute the majority of the population.