考题
单选题According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A
Different aspects（方面）of an urban environment, such as the crowded streets, can lead to an increase in self control.B
Small changes in urban design cannot reduce the negative side effects of city life.C
For the first time in history, the earth's population is more urban than rural.D
A walk down a busy city street will improve brain performance.正确答案：C解析：
考题
单选题According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?A
They would become less intense.B
They would last longer than usual.C
They would cause problems later.D
They would become more negative.正确答案：C解析：从第三段“…The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.”可知，达尔文认为，压制人们的情感使其不表达出来将会舒缓人们的情感。
考题
In general, the Western experts' attitude towards TCM is_____.A.indifferent.
B.positive.
C.negative.
D.doubtful.答案：C解析：
考题
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1)Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2)Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3)Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4)To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5)Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6)Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7)Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8)Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9)Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10)“People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.It is important for robots to learn about the context so as to understand human emotions.
B.Whether humanoids will have human emotions themselves still remains unclear.
C.It is a stigma for robots to have different layers of human emotions.
D.The nature of human emotions will hinder the development of humanoids.答案：A解析：本题考查的是细节理解。 【关键词】Dr Gunes；true；robots and human emotions【主题句】第6自然段Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. 她的研究调查了类人机器人如何被编程的，不仅能够提取和回应面部表情对情绪的暗示，而且能够理解这些情绪表达的背景。第7自然段Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli.那么机器人本身能够拥有情感吗？Gunes博士表示，认为机器人不能有情感毫无道理，并且质疑情绪的含义。在与机器人人工情感智能合作的过程揭示了我们情绪的本质，对它们而言是不同目标，经验和刺激的分层。【解析】本题问的是“根据Gunes博士的观点，以下哪个关于机器人和人类情感的说法是正确的?”选项A意为“为了理解人类情感，机器人了解其背景至关重要”。选项B意为“类人机器人本身是否会拥有人类情感不得而知”。选项C意为“机器人拥有不同层次的人类情感是一种耻辱。”选项D意为“人类情感的本质会阻碍类人机器人的发展。”根据主题句可知，选项A正确。根据第七段可知，人工智能是否会拥有人类情绪是明确的，故B错误。选项C和D在文中并未提及。
考题
共用题干
第二篇Love or Hate?We have saved as a final set of emotions to two most important emotions connected with other people:love and its opposite,hate.Love can be seen everywhere.Yet surprisingly,love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions,such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be two fold.Firstly,love is a very complex emotion,difficult to describe and measure. Secondly,unlike many radical emotions,radical love is generally not a problem. Thus less medical attention has been paid to it.What is love?This is a complex question and requires a complex answer. Love is a strong,positive attraction and feeling for another person or thing. But it is more than this.It also involves feeling of caring,protection,excitement,and tenderness.When two people are in love,they feel drawn to one another;they greatly enjoy each other's company;and they may be sexually attracted to one another.Sometimes it is easier to think in terms of different kinds of love:romantic love,brotherly love, and so forth.Though they are different in some respects,they share one important characteristic: a strong positive feeling toward another.Our feelings toward other people are often complex.We may love someone and,at the same time,be angry with him.Or we may love someone,even though we are jealous of him.We mighi even love someone and,at the same time,hate for some precise reason.Hate is a strong negative emotion toward someone,and is due to anger,jealousy,or some other factor. Like love,hate can be a very strong emotion.It can also be very dangerous.The question is often asked,"Is it bad to hate?"The best answer is probably" sometimes yes and sometimes no." Usually hate does not help us.It makes us feel unhappy and makes us do things that may hurt others.However,sometimes it may be necessary to hate and hurt someone in order to protect loved ones.Which characteristic is shared by different kinds of love? A: A strong negative emotion toward someone.B:A strong positive feeling toward another.C:Unhappy feeling toward another.D:Jealous feeling toward someone.答案：B解析：save的含义有“挽救，储存，保留，解放”。根据文章第一段的上下文我们知道作者是说我们往往把情感中最后的部分保留给和他人相关的最重要的两种感情，因此选择选项A。 keep up是指“保持”，不符合上下文。文章提到爱是positive feeling，而恨是negative feeling，因此两者是完全对立的情感。并且第一段第一句就讲到了爱的反面是恨，因此选项D是正确的。文章第三段最后一句总结道无论哪种类型的爱，它们共同的特点是“a strong positive feeling toward another"，即讨另一个对象强烈的积极的感情。因此只有选项B是正确的。文章最后一段第一句讲到恨是由于“anger, jealousy, or some other factor”造成的，因此选项A是正确的。选项C列举的是构成爱的因素，选项D不应该说恨是积极的情感。文章第四段解释人类的感情是复杂的，不是单一的，我们可以对他人同时怀有不同种类的感情。因此选项D是正确的。选项A, “too simple an emotion”错误，第一段说对爱的研究较少有两个原因：首先是，爱是非常复杂的感情，很难描述和衡量。其次，强热的爱并不是个问题。选项B不正确，“强烈的爱很难描述和衡量”和“很少的药物治疗”之间并无因果关系。很少药物治疗的原因应该是强烈的爱并不是个问题。选项C的描述也不正确，作者认为恨有时也是好的。
考题
单选题Unlike Passage 1, Passage 2 discusses ______.A
the procedures of a specific experimentB
a mistaken assumptionC
the work of professional researchersD
social behaviorE
human emotions正确答案：B解析：第一篇文章提到了错误的假设，文中他反驳直觉是能产生无限力量的未经开发的源泉的观点（2-3行），文中还提到职业研究人员的作品（Haight 和Daniel Kahneman的作品），社会行为（40-51）以及人类情感（36-39行）。然而并没有像第二篇一样描述了特定实验的程序。
考题
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1)Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2)Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3)Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4)To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5)Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6)Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7)Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8)Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9)Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10)“People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.To enable robots to serve humans.
B.To decrease humans fear about robots.
C.To make robots more human-like.
D.To equip robots with human emotions.答案：C解析：本题考查的是推理判断。 【关键词】anthropomorphise；Paragraph 10【主题句】第10自然段She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. （10） 她说，类人机器人在增进某些群体（如老年人）之间的信任和参与度方面发挥积极作用；在任何情况下，人类都倾向于将技术拟人化；机器人可以被程式限制在促进利他主义的积极情绪中。【解析】本题问的是“anthropomorphise一词在第10段中是什么意思?”选项A意为“让机器人为人类服务”。选项B意为“减少人类对机器人的恐惧”。选项C意为“让机器人更像人类”。选项D意为“用人类的情感武装机器人”。根据句子意思可以推断出“anthropomorphise”一词意为“拟人格化；赋予人性”。
考题
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1)Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2)Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3)Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4)To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5)Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6)Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7)Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8)Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9)Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10)“People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.With the development of human robot interaction, robots ae now able to communicate with humans in an effective way.
B.Scientists have many challenges in developing robots, such as how to modify their appearance and behavior.
C.Human emotions enable robots to win the trust from human, especially the elderly and children.
D.It is important to help people understand robots in order to develop robots to human needs.答案：D解析：本题考查的是主旨大意。 【关键词】the main idea【主题句】第1自然段Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. （1） 揭开社交机器人和类人机器人如何工作的神秘面纱至关重要，这样我们才能了解并改造它们将影响未来人类的方式，Hatice Gunes博士将在下周的海伊艺术节发表演讲。（1）第12自然段She adds: “Understanding robots will empower people so they can help to shape them to do good. The public is usually on the receiving end of new technology. Demystifying robots gives people back the power to push for change and create the robots they want.” （12） 她补充说:“了解机器人会使人类拥有强大的力量，这样人类就可以帮助改造它们来做有益的事。。”公众通常是新技术的接受者。揭开机器人的神秘面纱可以让人们重新获得力量，来推动变革，并创造他们想要的机器人。”（12）【解析】本题的问题是：这篇文章的中心思想是？选项A意为“随着人机交互技术的发展，机器人现在能够有效地与人类进行交流。”选项B意为“科学家在开发机器人时面临许多挑战，例如如何修改机器人的外观和行为。”选项C意为“人类的情感使机器人能够赢得人类特别是老人和儿童的信任。”选项D意为“为了开发出满足人类需求的机器人，帮助人们了解机器人是很重要的。”结合主题句可知，本文主要介绍的是人工智能机器人发展遇到的最大困境是人类的不理解和人类对机器人的恐惧，故本题选D。
考题
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1)Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2)Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3)Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4)To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5)Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6)Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7)Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8)Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9)Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10)“People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.Neutral
B.Positive
C.Negative
D.Critical答案：B解析：本题考查的是主旨大意。 【关键词】tone【主题句】第12自然段She adds: “Understanding robots will empower people so they can help to shape them to do good.她补充道：“了解机器人会使人类拥有强大的力量，这样人类就可以帮助改造它们来做有益的事。”【解析】本题问的是“哪个词最能形容本文的基调？”选项A意为“”中性。选项B意为“积极”。选项C意为“消极”。选项D意为“批评”。文章整体都在描述机器人有利于人类发展，人类不应该害怕机器人，因此本文的基调是积极的。
考题
单选题Which of the following is true?A
All nicknames have a positive meaning.B
All negatives have a negative meaning.C
Nicknames are endearing.D
All nicknames can be either positive or negative.正确答案：A解析：倒数第二段提及Not every nickname, however, is a complement and some can be downright rude and insulting“并非所有的昵称都表示赞赏，有些昵称甚至十分粗鲁或带有污辱性”，表明应该以辩证的态度看待昵称，选项D符合。
