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问答题Passage 1　　Despite the basic biological, chemical, and physical similarities found in all living things, a diversity of life exists not only among and between species but also within every natural population. The phenomenon of diversity has had a long

题目
问答题
Passage 1　　Despite the basic biological, chemical, and physical similarities found in all living things, a diversity of life exists not only among and between species but also within every natural population. The phenomenon of diversity has had a long history of study because so many of the variations that exist in nature are visible to the eye.　　(1) It has been suggested that sexual reproduction became the dominant type of reproduction among organisms because of its inherent advantage of variability, which is the mechanism that enables a species to adjust to changing conditions. New variations are potentially present in genetic differences, but how preponderant a variation becomes in a gene pool depends upon the number of offspring the mutants or variants produce (differential reproduction). (2) It is possible for a genetic novelty (new variation) to spread in time to all members of a population, especially if the novelty enhances the population’s chances for survival in the environment in which it exists. Thus, when a species is introduced into a new habitat, it either adapts to the change by natural selection or by some other evolutionary mechanism or else it eventually dies off. Because each new habitat means new adaptations, habitat changes have been responsible for the millions of different kinds of species and for the heterogeneity within each species.　　The total number of animal and plant species is estimated at between 2,000,000 and 4,500,000; authoritative estimates of the number of extinct species range from 15,000,000 up to 16,000,000,000. (3)Although the use of classification as a means of producing some kind of order out of this staggering number of different types of organisms appears as early as the book of Genesis—with references to cattle, beasts, fowl, creeping things, trees, etc.—the first scientific attempt at classification is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who tried to establish a system that would indicate the relationship of all things to each other. He arranged everything along a scale, or “ladder of nature”, with nonliving things at the bottom; plants were placed below animals, and man was at the top. (4)Other schemes that have been used for grouping species include large anatomical similarities, such as wings or fins, which indicate a natural relationship, and also similarities in reproductive structures.　　(5) At the present time taxonomy is based on two major assumptions: one is that similar body construction can be used as a criterion for a classification grouping; the other is that, in addition to structural similarities, evolutionary and molecular relationships between organisms can be used as a means for determining classification.
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相似问题和答案

第1题：

共用题干
第二篇

Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"

Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment
as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of
Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving the soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of
nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers
to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by
vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said,
"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very
aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong
influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we
found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of
other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the
grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and
densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both of which can be found across Europe,including the
UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the
local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the
opposite effect,the predation counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil
nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their
predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of the ecosystem not only because they constitute a great part of the
animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high,and
these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness.However,it is
not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important
in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their
effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.

What still remains unclear about ants,according to the last paragraph?
A:What roles ants play in the ecosystem in which they live.
B:How ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem.
C:How human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem.
D:How ants alter the physical and chemical environment.

答案：C
解析：
由短文的第一段第一句可知答案为C项。
答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的捕食范围很广，甚至包括 比它们体积大的动物。
短文第五段中Dirk Sanders说：" In this research , we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”所以，D是正确选项。句中“the subtleties of it”的意思是：（蚂 蚁对环境）影响的精妙之处。
短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a iow density of ants）的话，能使其他动 物的品种和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals)，从而给环境带来积极 影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities)，就会没有影响或者有相反的影响。
最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响 (these organisms are highly responsive to human impact)，第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类 对蚂蚁的这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem）。第三篇 本文的主要内容是气候变化导致的饥荒摧毁了古埃及文明，文章指出，如今类似的事情破坏 力会更大。

第2题：

共用题干
第二篇

Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local en-vironment as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be at-tacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,haying a big influence on the grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Eurone.including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.

What still remains unclear about ants,according to the last paragraph?
A:What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?
B:How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?
C:How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem?
D:How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?

答案：C
解析：
根据文章第一段的第一句话，我们知道蚂蚁之所以被称为“生态系统工程师”是因为它们的行为对当地的环境产生巨大的影响。因此选择C。
文章第三段讲到蚂蚁作为食肉动物会捕食各种动物，甚至是比较大的猎物。因此选项A是正确的。
文章第五段第一句详细解释了Sanders博士所从事的研究内容，即“对蚂蚁带来的影响大小及微妙程度进行研究”。因此选项D是正确的。
文章第六段主要是说蚂蚁数量少的话，其他动物的品种和数量就会增加，从而会给环境带来积极的影响。如果蚂蚁数量大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或是产生相反的影响。选项B是正确的。
最后一段倒数第二句提到“科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁的这种干扰是如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用的”。因此选项C是正确的。

第3题：

Which of the following statement is TRUE according to this passage?

A．Beijing Hotel has just been opened recently.

B．There are too many luxurious things in Beijing Hotel.

C．Beijing Hotel will prepare rooms for those that had booked the room.

D．Not only foreigners but also native people wanted to book rooms for Games.


正确答案：D
解析：A和B选项与事实不符，属于错误答案；C选项也被否定，原因是文中说北京饭店并不接受提前这么长时间的预订，而只是记下预订人的姓名。D选项可以在文章中找到出处：“... the hotel had already received 50 to 60 such phone calls from would-be game-goers gambling on the result．Domestic callers have mainly come from the southern provinces of Guangdong and Fujian.”

第4题：

共用题干
To Survive or to Vanish

1.Over 3.6 billion years ago,the first creature was born in the world.Since then,the earth started its era with life.The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings.To a large extent,the physical form and the habits of the earth's vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time,the opposite effect,in which life actually modifies its surroundings,has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species一man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
2.During the past 25 years,this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man's assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air,earth,rivers,and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable.In this now universal contamination of the environment,chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil,entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death.Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation,sicken cattle,and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells."Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation,"as a scientist has said.
3.Hundreds of millions of years have passed before the globe produced the life that now inhabits the earth.Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts,and a balance has been reached.But in the modern world there is no time.
4.The quick steps of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature.Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man's tampering with the atom.The chemicals are the synthetic creations of man's inventive mind,having no counterparts in nature.
5.To survive these chemicals would require not merely the years of one man's life but the life of generations.And even this,were it by some miracle possible,would be futile,for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream;almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone.Among them are many that are used in man's war against nature.Since the mid l940's over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects,weeds,and other organisms described as"pests".
6.It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never he used.I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons,without their consent and often without their knowledge.I contend,furthermore,that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil,water,wildlife,and man himself. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.

Human's pollution on nature is for the most part_______.
A:man's tampering with the atom
B:enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons
C:the integrity of the natural world that supports all life
D:inventive
E:irrecoverable
F:relatively slight

答案：E
解析：
本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。第一段前面大部分内容在说生物适应自然的内容，但最后一句用“only”引出本文要强调的新变化：人类对自然的影响。这与选项E中提到的：The new change in the relationship between earth and its creature一human's power playing a greater role in changing the world．地球与其生物之间关系的新变化——人类在改造世界的进程中起到更大的作用，意义相符，所以E是答案。
本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。第二段第一句是本段的主旨句："During the past 25 years,this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character.”在过去的25年中，这种力量不仅日趋强大，而且其性质也发生了变化。其中，“这种力量指的是人改造自然的力量”，这与选项D中提到的：" Human's power increases and has changed its character in the past quarter century.”意思相符。所以D是答案。
本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。第五段第一句是主旨句："To survive these chemicals would require not merely the years of one man's life but the life of generations.”为了在这些化学制品中存活下来，人类需要付出的不只是一个人一生的时间，而是几代人的时间。选项B中提到：" It takes generations for mankind to adapt themselves to the chemicals.”概括了本段的大意，所以B是答案。
本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。第六段通过两个“I (do) contend”引出对于人类错误使用化学物质并对此疏于监管表示担忧。选项A是答案，因为 " Man should be cautious in chemical use.”人类应该小心使用化学物质，概括了本段的大意。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的事实与细节的了解。依据是第一段倒数第二句："Considering the whole span of earthly time,the opposite effect,in which life actually modifies its surroundings , has been relatively slight.”将地球上生命存在的整个时期加以考虑，相反作用，即生命对其周围环境的实际改变作用，却相对很小。题干出现：生命改变其环境的影响，选项 F是relatively slight相对较小，与原文意思一致，证明了选项F是正确的。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的事实与细节的了解。选E的依据是第二段第三句“This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable.”而这种污染在很大程度上是无法挽救的。而题目中：人类对于自然的污染是在很大程度上______，缺少的信息正是选项E irrecoverable无法挽救的。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的事实与细节的了解。选A的依据是第四段的第二句：" Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man's tampering with the atom.”辐射是当今人类通过支配原子而得到的一种非自然的创造物。而选项A与题干结合的意思与之一致，所以 A是答案。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的事实与细节的了解。选C的依据是全文的最后一句：" Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.”我们缺乏对万物赖以生存的自然界的生态完整性的关心，对此，后代是不可能原谅我们的。题干与选项C结合后与信息句意思一致。所以C是答案。

第5题：

共用题干
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.

As predators,ants______.
A:prey on small as well as large animals
B: collect nutritious food from the soil
C: collect food as decomposers
D: prey on species much higher up the food chain

答案：A
解析：
题干意为“为什么蚂蚁被比喻为生态系统的工程师？”虽然题干中出现了细节信息词/短语ants , ecosystem engineers，但它们都是短文主题词（出现在短文标题中的名词及名词短语），因此不用它们作为定位线索。备选项中也出现了细节信息词/短语own nests, food , activity , environment , predators，利用它们作为定位线索，在短文中第一段和第二段中 找到相关句：（第一段）Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. （第二段）Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain．定位线索词分散出现在两个段落中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第一段提到“Exeter大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为 ‘生态系统工程师’和食肉动物的活动对当地的环境影响很大。该研究发表在《动物生态学》杂志上，这项研究发现蚂蚁对当地的环境有着两个显著的影响”。第二段第一句中也出现了定位线索词，因此也关注这个句子。该句意为“第一，通过挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：蚂蚁挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物这类活动影响着土壤的营养水平，以至于最终它们对当地环境产生巨大的影响，因此蚂蚁被称为“生态系统工程师”。因此答案为C项“因为蚂蚁的活动对环境产生了影响”。
题干意为“作为食肉动物，蚂蚁……”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息 词/短语predators,small as well as large animals,nutritious food,soil,food,decomposers, species,food chain作为定位线索，在第三段中找到相关句：Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals（与small as well as large animals呼应）,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers．第三段是独立成段句，这样的段落常设置问题。该句提到“第二，它们捕食各种各样的动物，包括那些被大量工蚁吞吃的大猎物”。由此可知蚂蚁会捕食各种各样的动物，甚至包括体积比它们大的动物，因此答案为A项“捕食体积小的动物也捕食体积大的动物”。
题干意为“Dirk Sanders以蚂蚁怎样……为研究中心”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语Dirk Sanders' study, huge numbers, resources and territory, other predators,invading animals,survival,big impact on the environment作为定位线索，在第四段和第五段中找到相关句：（第四段）Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.” （第五段）“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment（与big impact on the environment呼应）,having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said．定位线索词分散出现在第四段和第五段中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第四段提到“Dirk Sanders是这项研究的发起人，就职于该大学的生态与保护中心，他说‘蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，而且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保护自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境有很大的影响’”。接下来第五段提到“在这项研究中，我们（回指前一段中提到的包括Dirk Sanders在内的研究者们）第一次对蚂蚁带来的这种影响及微妙程度进行研究”。该句表明Dirk Sanders 以蚂蚁带来的这种影响为研究中心。“这种影响”回指上一段中提到的蚂蚁对周围环境的影响，因此该题答案为D项“（蚂蚁怎样）对环境产生如此巨大的影响”。

第6题：

Instincts are the natural resources of human behavior,the raw materials of action,feeling,and thought.They are the primary motives and the indispensable instruments of action.But like other natural resources,men's original tendencies must be controlled and redirected,if they are to be frurtfully utilized in the interests of human welfare.There are a number of conditions that make imperative the control of native tendencies.The first of these is intrinsic to the organization of instincts themselves:impulses are stimulated at random and collide with one another.Often one impulse,be it that of curiosity or aggression,can be indulged only at the expense or frustration of many others just as natural,normal,and inevitable.A life is a long-time enterprise and it contains a diversity of desires.If all of these are to receive any measure of fulfillment there must be compromise and adjustment between them;they must all be subjected to some measure of control.A second cause for the control of instinct lies in the fact that people live and have to live together.The close association which is so characteristic of human life is partly attributable to a specific gregarious instinct,partly to the increasing need for cooperation which marks the increasing complexity of civilization.But whatever be its causes,group association makes it necessary that men regulate their impulses and actions with reference to one another.Endowed as human beings are with more or less identical sets of original native desires,the desires of one cannot be freely fulfilled without frequently coming into conflict with the similar desires of others.Still another imperative reason for the control of our instinctive equipment lies in the fact that instincts as such are inadequate to adjust either the individual or the group to contemporary conditions.They were developed in the process of evolution as useful methods for enabling the human animal to cope with a radically different and incomparably simpler environment.While the problems and processes of his life and environment have grown more complex,man's inborn equipment for controlling the world he lives in has,through the long history of civilization,remained practically unchanged.And,finally,so vastly complicated have become the physical and the social machinery of civilized life that it is literally impossible to depend on instincts to adjust us to an environment far different from that to which they were in the process of evolution adapted.In the light of these conditions men have found that if they are to live happily and fruitfully together,certain original tendencies must be stimulated and developed,others weakened,redirected,and modified,and still others,within limits possibly,altogether repressed.


答案：
解析：
限制人类本能的另一个关键原因在于，本能就其本身而言并不足以使个人或群体适应当前的环境。本能是在进化过程中形成的，是使人类这种动物能应对（与当前的环境相比）截然不同、无比简单的环境的有效方式。

第7题：

共用题干
第二篇

Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local en-vironment as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be at-tacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,haying a big influence on the grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Eurone.including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.

As predators,ants_________.
A:prey on small as well as large animals
B:collect nutritious food from the soil
C:collect food as decomposers
D:prey on species much higher up the food chain

答案：A
解析：
根据文章第一段的第一句话，我们知道蚂蚁之所以被称为“生态系统工程师”是因为它们的行为对当地的环境产生巨大的影响。因此选择C。
文章第三段讲到蚂蚁作为食肉动物会捕食各种动物，甚至是比较大的猎物。因此选项A是正确的。
文章第五段第一句详细解释了Sanders博士所从事的研究内容，即“对蚂蚁带来的影响大小及微妙程度进行研究”。因此选项D是正确的。
文章第六段主要是说蚂蚁数量少的话，其他动物的品种和数量就会增加，从而会给环境带来积极的影响。如果蚂蚁数量大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或是产生相反的影响。选项B是正确的。
最后一段倒数第二句提到“科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁的这种干扰是如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用的”。因此选项C是正确的。

第8题：

The loss of biological diversity has become most spectacularly noticeable in extinction or decline of populations of large and well-known animals.Many animal species have become extinct since the 1700’s, among them the California grizzly bear, the dodo, and the passenger pigeon.Hundreds of other animal species are threatened.In North America, endangered species include the black-footed ferret, the California condor, the desert tortoise, and the whooping crane.

Most species in danger of extinction anywhere in the world are suffering from the intrusion (侵入) of human beings.The Asian elephant, for example, has become an endangered species due to the expansion of the human population throughout its range in southern Asia.In Africa, the African elephants are being killed off for their tusks.Monkeys and other primates throughout the world are threatened by hunting, capture for medical use, and the destruction of their habitats.And the rhinoceroses, lions, and other large mammals of the African savanna (grassy plains with scattered trees) compete for land and life with some of the most rapidly growing human populations in the world.

The loss of biological diversity is most severe, however, in the tropical rain forests.The forests of the tropics are particularly vulnerable to disturbance because the soils have a low capacity for retaining nutrients.Most of the forests’ nutrient elements are held in the tissues of plants.When loggers and farmers destroy existing plant cover, the nutrients are washed from the land into streams, and the land itself becomes less able to support life.Destruction of these forests destroys the habitat of hundreds, sometimes thousands, of species from such creatures as the howler monkey and indigo macaw, to less visible species of plants, insects, and microbes, many of which are not yet known to science.

1.The author points out that species extinction ().

A.is most noticeable in North America

B.is mainly taking place among large animals

C.quickened with industrialization of the society

D.never took place before the 1700’s

2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned with regard to human intrusion?

A.Elephants are killed off for their tusks

B.Some primates are hunted for medical use

C.Growing human population results in the competition for land and life among animals

D.Men live increasingly on animals as their source of food.

3.The chief cause of the gradual disappearance of biological diversity is ().

A.human cruelty

B.human interference

C.the increase of human population

D.the disappearance of the forests

4.In tropical forests，().

A.animals live a hard life due to competition

B.a lot of species die out for lack of food

C.rains constitute the major threat to species

D.a greater number of animals are yet to be known

5.It can be inferred that species extinction ().

A.proceeds of a faster rate than noticeable

B.is the worst among well-known animals

C.is the most severe in Africa

D.is chiefly due to competition among species


参考答案：CDBBA

第9题：

共用题干
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.

What still remains unclear about ants,according to the last paragraph?
A: What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?
B: How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?
C: How do human activities affect ants'influence on a given ecosystem?
D: How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?

答案：C
解析：
题干意为“为什么蚂蚁被比喻为生态系统的工程师？”虽然题干中出现了细节信息词/短语ants , ecosystem engineers，但它们都是短文主题词（出现在短文标题中的名词及名词短语），因此不用它们作为定位线索。备选项中也出现了细节信息词/短语own nests, food , activity , environment , predators，利用它们作为定位线索，在短文中第一段和第二段中 找到相关句：（第一段）Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. （第二段）Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain．定位线索词分散出现在两个段落中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第一段提到“Exeter大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为 ‘生态系统工程师’和食肉动物的活动对当地的环境影响很大。该研究发表在《动物生态学》杂志上，这项研究发现蚂蚁对当地的环境有着两个显著的影响”。第二段第一句中也出现了定位线索词，因此也关注这个句子。该句意为“第一，通过挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：蚂蚁挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物这类活动影响着土壤的营养水平，以至于最终它们对当地环境产生巨大的影响，因此蚂蚁被称为“生态系统工程师”。因此答案为C项“因为蚂蚁的活动对环境产生了影响”。
题干意为“作为食肉动物，蚂蚁……”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息 词/短语predators,small as well as large animals,nutritious food,soil,food,decomposers, species,food chain作为定位线索，在第三段中找到相关句：Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals（与small as well as large animals呼应）,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers．第三段是独立成段句，这样的段落常设置问题。该句提到“第二，它们捕食各种各样的动物，包括那些被大量工蚁吞吃的大猎物”。由此可知蚂蚁会捕食各种各样的动物，甚至包括体积比它们大的动物，因此答案为A项“捕食体积小的动物也捕食体积大的动物”。
题干意为“Dirk Sanders以蚂蚁怎样……为研究中心”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语Dirk Sanders' study, huge numbers, resources and territory, other predators,invading animals,survival,big impact on the environment作为定位线索，在第四段和第五段中找到相关句：（第四段）Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.” （第五段）“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment（与big impact on the environment呼应）,having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said．定位线索词分散出现在第四段和第五段中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第四段提到“Dirk Sanders是这项研究的发起人，就职于该大学的生态与保护中心，他说‘蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，而且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保护自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境有很大的影响’”。接下来第五段提到“在这项研究中，我们（回指前一段中提到的包括Dirk Sanders在内的研究者们）第一次对蚂蚁带来的这种影响及微妙程度进行研究”。该句表明Dirk Sanders 以蚂蚁带来的这种影响为研究中心。“这种影响”回指上一段中提到的蚂蚁对周围环境的影响，因此该题答案为D项“（蚂蚁怎样）对环境产生如此巨大的影响”。

第10题：

共用题干
To Survive or to Vanish

1.Over 3.6 billion years ago,the first creature was born in the world.Since then,the earth started its era with life.The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings.To a large extent,the physical form and the habits of the earth's vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time,the opposite effect,in which life actually modifies its surroundings,has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species一man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
2.During the past 25 years,this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man's assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air,earth,rivers,and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable.In this now universal contamination of the environment,chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil,entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death.Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation,sicken cattle,and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells."Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation,"as a scientist has said.
3.Hundreds of millions of years have passed before the globe produced the life that now inhabits the earth.Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts,and a balance has been reached.But in the modern world there is no time.
4.The quick steps of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature.Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man's tampering with the atom.The chemicals are the synthetic creations of man's inventive mind,having no counterparts in nature.
5.To survive these chemicals would require not merely the years of one man's life but the life of generations.And even this,were it by some miracle possible,would be futile,for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream;almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone.Among them are many that are used in man's war against nature.Since the mid l940's over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects,weeds,and other organisms described as"pests".
6.It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never he used.I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons,without their consent and often without their knowledge.I contend,furthermore,that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil,water,wildlife,and man himself. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.

The effect of life modifying its surroundings has been_______.
A:man's tampering with the atom
B:enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons
C:the integrity of the natural world that supports all life
D:inventive
E:irrecoverable
F:relatively slight

答案：F
解析：
本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。第一段前面大部分内容在说生物适应自然的内容，但最后一句用“only”引出本文要强调的新变化：人类对自然的影响。这与选项E中提到的：The new change in the relationship between earth and its creature一human's power playing a greater role in changing the world．地球与其生物之间关系的新变化——人类在改造世界的进程中起到更大的作用，意义相符，所以E是答案。
本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。第二段第一句是本段的主旨句："During the past 25 years,this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character.”在过去的25年中，这种力量不仅日趋强大，而且其性质也发生了变化。其中，“这种力量指的是人改造自然的力量”，这与选项D中提到的：" Human's power increases and has changed its character in the past quarter century.”意思相符。所以D是答案。
本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。第五段第一句是主旨句："To survive these chemicals would require not merely the years of one man's life but the life of generations.”为了在这些化学制品中存活下来，人类需要付出的不只是一个人一生的时间，而是几代人的时间。选项B中提到：" It takes generations for mankind to adapt themselves to the chemicals.”概括了本段的大意，所以B是答案。
本题考查的是对所读材料大意与主旨的掌握。第六段通过两个“I (do) contend”引出对于人类错误使用化学物质并对此疏于监管表示担忧。选项A是答案，因为 " Man should be cautious in chemical use.”人类应该小心使用化学物质，概括了本段的大意。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的事实与细节的了解。依据是第一段倒数第二句："Considering the whole span of earthly time,the opposite effect,in which life actually modifies its surroundings , has been relatively slight.”将地球上生命存在的整个时期加以考虑，相反作用，即生命对其周围环境的实际改变作用，却相对很小。题干出现：生命改变其环境的影响，选项 F是relatively slight相对较小，与原文意思一致，证明了选项F是正确的。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的事实与细节的了解。选E的依据是第二段第三句“This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable.”而这种污染在很大程度上是无法挽救的。而题目中：人类对于自然的污染是在很大程度上______，缺少的信息正是选项E irrecoverable无法挽救的。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的事实与细节的了解。选A的依据是第四段的第二句：" Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man's tampering with the atom.”辐射是当今人类通过支配原子而得到的一种非自然的创造物。而选项A与题干结合的意思与之一致，所以 A是答案。
本题考查的是对阐述文章的事实与细节的了解。选C的依据是全文的最后一句：" Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.”我们缺乏对万物赖以生存的自然界的生态完整性的关心，对此，后代是不可能原谅我们的。题干与选项C结合后与信息句意思一致。所以C是答案。

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