Ⅱ.某乡镇中学有100名初一学生，他们先前所在小学均未开设英语。现拟对其进行 一项题为“多媒体教学对初一学生英语阅读成绩影响的研究”的真实验。

理由：这100名学生在小学里均未学过英语，无法进行前测；根据题意只能用真实 验设计，而不能用前实验设计和准实验设计。

优点：由于进行了等组化处理，且不存在前测对后测的影响，同时这种实验能系统操纵自变量并有效控制无关变量，所以内在效度较高；不进行前测，也适合学生的 实际情况。
缺点：个别学生有可能自学过英语，由于没有前测，这一情况带来的差异不易发现。
【评分说明】若有其他合理答案，可酌情给分。

(1)最好选用所罗门四组实验设计。其格式为

因为本研究要采用真实验的方式，那么被试要采用随机分配的形成实验组和控制组，而被试又分为两类，那么每一类被试都要形成一个实验组和一个控制组，因此整个实验就要有四组被试，此时最适合的实验设计类型就是所罗门四组实验设计。(2)实验班和控制班的产生方式从有英语基础的学生中随机抽取30人作为实验组1，随机抽取30人作为控制组1，这两组被试都要有前测和后测，实验组1采用多媒体教学的方法，控制组1采用传统教学的方法。从无英语基础的学生中随机抽取30人作为实验组2，随机抽取30人作为控制组2，这两组被试只有后测，实验组2采用多媒体教学的方法，控制组2采用传统教学的方法。(3)采用的统计方法二因素方差分析，一个因素是实验处理（多媒体教学与传统教学），一个因素是有无前测。(4)所罗门四组实验设计的优点和缺点①优点：由于利用随机分派方法分出两个等组，可以检验测验和实验处理的交互作用；实验者等于是做了四个重复的实验，可以作出四种比较。内外在效度均较高，是一种较为理想的实验设计。②局限性在于实验中组数较多，耗时费力，数据分析较为困难。 本题考查的是考生对所罗门分组设计的理解、掌握、运用的情况。这一设计是把实验组、控制组前后测设计与只有后测的设计加以组合，将有无前测这一变量纳入实验设计之中，将其变量所造成的差异数部分从总变异数中排除出去，以检验实验处理所产生的影响是否显著。所罗门四组设计内外在效度较高，是一种较理想的实验设计。

二、考题解析
【教案】
Teaching aims:
Knowledge aim: Students will understand the story and know the meaning of “pull...out of” and “be stuck in”.
Ability aim: Students can be able to collect the main idea and the details.
Emotional aim: Students will develop the interest in learning English.
Teaching key and difficult points:
Key point: Students will know the meaning of “pull...out of” and “be stuck in”.
Students can be able to collect the main idea and the details.
Difficult point: Students will develop the interest in learning English.
Teaching Aids:
Teaching procedures:
Step 1: Warming-up
1. Greeting: Ask “how are you today?”.
2. Sing a song named Little Ant for students
The ants go marching one by one, hurrah,hurrah!
The ants go marching two by two, hurrah,hurrah!
The ants go marching three by three.
The little one stops to climb a tree.
And they all go marching down to the ground
To get out of the rain,
BOOM! BOOM! BOOM!
Ask them “are you happy now?” and “ do you find some ants in this song?”. Then tell them we will learn a small interesting story about the ant.
Step 2: Pre-reading
1. Briefly explain the meaning of “pull...out of” and “ be stuck in” with pictures.
Step 3: While-reading
1. Ask students to read the short story for the first time. After that, ask them to tell me what the main idea of the story is.
2. Ask students to read it for the second time. This time, students need to find what the weather is like today and the next day.
3. Let them read it for the third time, and answer the questions: how they feel and what’s wrong with them?
Step 4: Post-reading
Ask students to work in a group of four, and try to retell the short story in their own words according to the clues on the black board.
Step 5: Summary and homework
Summary: Conclude the content of the lesson and summarize with whole class.
Homework: Think about what will happen to them in the third day, share with us next lesson.
Blackboard design:



【答辩题目解析】
1.Do you think it is important to teach students the phenomenon or not?
【参考答案】
I think it is very important. There are several reasons as following. First, some knowledge is too abstract or general to understand. Teaching the phenomenon to students can help them quickly understand what they are learning. Second, after doing that, students can remember the knowledge according to the logic or other aspects, which is conducive to consolidating and memorizing the knowledge they have learned as solid as possible.
【答辩题目解析】
2.How to improve students speaking ability?
【参考答案】
First, the teacher should create a relaxing learning atmosphere and stimulate students’ learning interest. Introducing activities, such as games and competitions that students like into the classroom can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of students, and turn "speaking English" into a pleasant experience. Second, the teacher also needs to create the real situation. Their interest can be inspired in the process of using in the situation. Third, the teacher needs to strengthen oral training with various forms, such as role-play, telling a story.

（1）最好选用“随机分派控制组后测实验设计”，其格式为：

理由：这100名学生在小学里均未学过英语，无法进行前测；根据题意只能用真实验设计，而不能用前实验设计和准实验设计。 (2)可以采用等组法中的“随机分派”方式，将100名学生分成品质均等的两个班；以抽签的方式决定实验班和控制班。 （3）优点：由于进行了等组化处理，且不存在前测对后测的影响，同时这种实验能系统操纵自变量并有效控制无关变量，所以内在效度较髙；不进行前测，也适合学生的实际情况。 缺点：个别学生有可能自学过英语，由于没有前测，这一情况带来的差异不易发现。

（1)最好选用“随机分派控制组后測 实验设计”，其格式为： R X O1 R O2 理由:200名学生在初中均未学过哲学，无法 进行前测;根据题意只能用真实验设计，而不能 用前实验设计和准实验设计。 (2) 可以采用等组法中的“随机分派”方式， 将200名学生分成品质均等的两个班;以抽签的 方式决定实验班和控制班。 (3) 优点：由于进行了等组化处理，且不存在 前测对后测的影响，同时这种实验能系统操纵自 变量并有效控制无关变量，所以内在效度较高： 缺点:个别学生有可能自学过课程内容，由 于没有前测，这一情况带来的差异不易发现。

(1)本实验的研究假设是：该种阅读方法能够促进学生阅读成绩的提高。(2)该实验设计的名称是单组前后侧设计，格式为：0．X 0：(3)该实验设计采用的统计方法是前测与后测成绩进行差异检验，如果在统计学上存在差异，且后测成绩高于前测成绩，就表明该种阅读方法是有效的。(4)可能存在的问题、改进方案及统计方法①可能存在的问题第一，由于没有控制组做比较，不能控制历史、成熟及统计回归。第二，前测可能影响后测，产生实验误差。一般有两种情况：一是前后测相距时间如果很短，被试可能由于前测产生的练习效应，对后测内容敏感以及疲劳效应等而影响实验的结果；二是如果前后测相距时间过长，那么会出现保持和遗忘的个别差异问题，致使不易分辨出是由自变量引起的反映变量，还是受无关变量干扰的结果。②改进方案再在这个学校抽取一个前测成绩与实验班相同的班级，作为对照组。将对照组的成绩与实验组的成绩形成对比。③采用的统计方法采用的统计方法是比较两个班级后测成绩与前测成绩差或使用协方差分析的方法。 本题考查的是单组实验设计和对照组实验设计的区别。

(1)小学英语教学中使用多媒体的方法 ①巧用多媒体，激发学生的学习兴趣。
②巧用多媒体，创设情境，引入新课。
③巧用多媒体，活化教材，寓学于乐。
④巧用多媒体，提高利用时间的效率。
⑤利用网络技术，扩展学生的知识面。
(2) Teaching Aims
Knowledge aim: Students will be able to learn and master the structure to describe animals.
Ability aim: Students can make sentences through imitation of the example. Their abilities of making sentencescan be improved.
Emotional aim: Students will get more interest in learning English and in protecting animals.
(3)导入环节和新知呈现环节
Lead—in(导入环节)：
①Show the video about different kinds of cats. Ask students some questions:
Q1: What can you see in the video
Q2: Which kind of pet do you like best
②Free talk.
Ask some questions about pet, for example:
Q1: Have you ever kept a pet
Q2: How does it like
Q3: What color is it
Q4: When is its birthday
【设计意图1
视频和讨论的目的是为了吸引学生的注意力，同时明确本课的话题。
Presentation(新知呈现环节)：
Show the picture about kittens.
① Show the first picture, and ask students "What's this". Students may give such answer as "They are pigs""They are mice", and so on.
② Show other pictures. Student will understand that they are kittens.
③Ask students to pay attention to the date and reorder the pictures.
Read and match.
① Show some sentences about pictures and ask students to try to match it.
Such as:
They have white fur.May 3rd.
They can walk.April 21st.
② Let students review the knowledge they learned about the date: We should put the "on" before the month.
③ Make sentences through imitation of the example "Their eyes are open on April 26th."
Invite some students to write two sentences about the kittens on the blackboard.
Ask students to make new sentences to describe the animals they like.
【设计意图】
通过图片让学生更形象地感受到小猫的变化。通过句子配对的方式，让学生学会组词造句，提升描述事物的能力。