Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can b

Public goods are those products from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person’s utilization(利用)does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’s enjoying the same good.Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit--regardless of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse, and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense.Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted(代替) for the impersonal judgement of the marketplace.

31. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?

A. Mechanisms for safer navigation.

B. The economic structure of the marketplace.

C. A specific group of commodities.

D.The advantage of lowering taxes.

32. Which of the following would NOT be an example of a public good as described in the passage?

A.taxi.

B. A bridge.

C. A fire truck.

D. A stoplight.

33. Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “holds”?

A. has

B. is

C. grasps

D. carries

34. According to the passage, finding out the social costs of a public good is a ________.

A. difficult procedure

B. daily duty

C. matter of personal judgement

D. citizen’s responsibility

The mere fact that free pratique has not been obtained ________ mean that the ship is not ready to load， if， in fact， free pratique can be obtained at any time and without the possibility of delaying the loading．

A.does not

B.is not

C.are not

D.has not

It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with _______ .

A for long B in and out C once for all D by nature

A shipboard oil pollution emergency plan is required of ______.

A.all vessels, regardless of size and commercial application

B.any barge or other ship which is constructed or operated in such a manner that no oil in any form can be carried aboard

C.an oil tanker of 150 gross tons or above, or other ship of 400 gross tons or above

D.an oil tanker of 400 gross tons and above, or other ships of 150 gross tons and above

Whom must be informed at once if any cases of death are discovered on board?

A.The master of a ship

B.The local doctor

C.The local Quarantine officer

D.The ship's agent

Any illegal acts of violence，detention or any act of depredation，committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship and directed：(a)．On the high seas，against another ship or against persons or property on board such ship; or (b)．Against a ship，persons or property in a place outside of the jurisdiction of any state defines which of the following？

A.Mutiny

B.Piracy

C.Barratry

D.Remuneration

听力原文：With a current account, your money is immediately available.

(8)

A．You have to deposit your money once a month.

B．You can use your money at any time you need it.

C．Your money is immediately run out.

D．Your money can immediately make more money.

In all cases，however，the capacity of segregated ballast tanks shall be ______ such that，in any ballast condition at any part of the voyage，including the conditions consisting of lightweight plus segregated ballast only，the ship's draughts and trim can meet the necessary requirements．

A.At least

B.At most

C.So big as

D.As large as